natcls_eng-fricatives.jpg
The image displays a linguistic chart titled "Fricatives" in large black text centered at the top. The chart is a grid with blue borders and headers on a white background. It organizes speech sounds based on their place of articulation (columns) and manner of articulation (rows).

The columns are organized hierarchically from left to right.
The top row of column headers lists three main categories: labial, coronal, and dorsal.
Beneath these, a second row breaks them down further into specific places: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, and velar.
Underneath each specific place, there are two sub-columns labeled "vcls" (voiceless) and "vcd" (voiced).

The rows on the left side list manners of articulation: oral stop, fricative, affricate, nasal stop, and other sonorant.

Here is the content of the grid cells from top to bottom, left to right:

**Row 1: Oral Stop**
- Under bilabial vcls: p
- Under bilabial vcd: b
- Under alveolar vcls: t
- Under alveolar vcd: d
- Under velar vcls: k
- Under velar vcd: g

**Row 2: Fricative (This entire row has a bright yellow background)**
- Under labiodental vcls: f
- Under labiodental vcd: v
- Under dental vcls: theta symbol (a circle with a horizontal line through it)
- Under dental vcd: eth symbol (a circle with a vertical line through it)
- Under alveolar vcls: s
- Under alveolar vcd: z
- Under postalveolar vcls: esh symbol (looks like a backwards J or a hook)
- Under postalveolar vcd: ezh symbol (looks like a 3 with a vertical line through it)

**Row 3: Affricate**
- Under postalveolar vcls: t-sh symbol (t combined with esh)
- Under postalveolar vcd: d-zh symbol (d combined with ezh)

**Row 4: Nasal Stop**
- Under bilabial vcd: m
- Under alveolar vcd: n
- Under velar vcd: eng symbol (a lowercase g with a tail)

**Row 5: Other Sonorant**
- Under bilabial vcd: (w) in parentheses
- Under alveolar vcd: l, r (specifically an alveolar approximant symbol which looks like a script r)
- Under palatal vcd: j (looks like a lowercase j without the dot)
- Under velar vcd: (w) in parentheses

The cells that do not contain symbols are shaded light gray. The headers for "labial," "coronal," and "dorsal" have a light gray background, as do the sub-header rows for specific places like "bilabial."
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