<img class="r-stretch" src="memes/isthislanguage.jpg" alt="isthislanguage.jpg The image is a still from an animated show featuring a young boy with dark hair and glasses. He appears to be in a room with a window behind him that has white frames. The background outside the window shows a blurred view of trees, suggesting it might be evening due to the pinkish hue in the sky. The boy is wearing a light blue shirt over a red collared shirt. His expression seems curious or confused as he looks at something off-screen with his right hand raised slightly, palm facing outward. Overlaid on the image are several texts and graphics: 1. On the left side of the boy's head, there is text that reads WILL in bold white letters. 2. To the right of the boy’s head, near where he appears to be gesturing, the word MEMES is written in large yellow letters with a black outline. 3. Below his hand and slightly to the left, the phrase IS THIS LANGUAGE? is displayed in white text on a semi-transparent black background for contrast. Additionally, at the bottom of the image, there's another line of text that reads: is this a pigeon? This suggests he might be questioning what he sees or hears. The overall tone and context imply humor or confusion related to language or communication styles. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> Slides are available at <http://savethevowels.org/talks/meme_linguistics.html> --- <h1>The Linguistics of Memes</h1> <h3>Dr. Will Styler</h3> </section> --- ### Content Warning - This lecture will discuss memes of all types - There will be some 'profane' language - There will be cursed memes --- ### Aging warning - I'm doing my best, but I've been [doing this since 2007](https://wstyler.ucsd.edu/posts/lolcats.html) - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/fellowkids.gif" alt="fellowkids.gif The image displays a scene featuring actor Steve Buscemi standing in what appears to be a school hallway. On the left side of the frame, grey metal lockers are visible. Buscemi is holding a skateboard tucked under his right arm; the underside of the skateboard deck features a graphic design that includes skull-like images, and the wheels are a pale yellow color. He is dressed in a bright red beanie cap and a matching red zip-up hoodie worn open over a grey t-shirt. The t-shirt has black text printed on it that reads MUSIC BAND with a lightning bolt symbol between the two words. He has a slightly awkward, forced expression on his face, looking off to his left rather than at the camera. In the background, there are other students who are out of focus. To the right, a person with longish hair is wearing a blue hoodie and looking away. Behind Buscemi, another student's shoulder and backpack strap are visible. At the bottom of the image, there is a caption in white text with a black outline that reads: How do you do, fellow kids? This character is Principal Heck from the Netflix series Stranger Things. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Today's Plan - What are memes? - Are memes language? - Why does that matter? --- # What are memes? --- ## What is a "meme"? > A unit of cultural information, such as a cultural practice or idea, that is transmitted verbally or by repeated action from one mind to another. --- ### 'Meme' is multifaceted - Cultural concepts (e.g. ideas, practices, rituals) - Physical actions (e.g. dances, planking, rickrolling) - Language itself is memetic, by some definitions! --- ### More 'memey' uses of meme - Phrases with codified meaning - "You love to see it" - "Kony 2012" - "We have 69 copies left." "Nice." - "F in the chat" --- ### Uncaptioned but meme-y images <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/side_eye_chloe.jpg" alt="sideeyechloe.jpg The image shows a young child seated in a car seat inside a vehicle. The child has light blonde hair that falls over their shoulders. They are wearing a purple shirt with what appears to be a small design on the front, possibly a flower or a similar motif. The child is secured in the car seat by black harness straps that go across their chest and around their legs. The car seat itself is black with gray accents along the edges. It has a headrest that is also black, designed for safety and comfort during travel. The car seat appears to be securely attached to the vehicle's seat using a five-point harness system. In the background, you can see part of the interior of the car, including the beige-colored seats and some of the window frame. There are no visible texts or diagrams in this image that provide additional information about the scene. The focus is on the child and their immediate surroundings within the vehicle. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Captioned images <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/ohsnapmccain.jpg" alt="ohsnapmccain.jpg The image shows a man with white hair wearing a suit and tie. His expression is one of surprise or shock, as indicated by his wide eyes and open mouth. The text Oh SNAP! is superimposed on the lower part of the image in bold letters. In the background, there are several people partially visible. One person appears to be standing near some columns, while another individual can be seen further back with their back turned towards the camera. There also seems to be a red object or piece of equipment on the right side of the frame, possibly part of a camera setup or similar apparatus. The setting looks like an indoor space with large windows and architectural features such as columns, suggesting it might be a government building or a similar formal environment. The lighting is bright, likely from natural light coming through the windows. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Videos and GIFs - [[dʒɪfs]](https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/02/25/how-do-you-say-gif-properly-ask-giphy-jif/4750684002/) - <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/stickroll.gif" alt="stickroll.gif The image displays a black background with white line drawings and text. At the very top, centered in bold white capital letters, is the phrase GET STICK BUGGED LOL. Below the text are two stick figures drawn in simple white lines. They appear to be lying horizontally on their backs. Both figures have their legs bent at the knees and raised into the air, creating a shape where the lower legs point upwards. This posture mimics the way a stick insect or mantis might rest on its back with its legs curled up. The figure on the left has its arms slightly extended out to the sides, while the figure on the right is positioned next to it in a similar relaxed pose. The image serves as an instruction for viewers to perform this specific dance move or pose known as stick bugging. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### We're going to focus on images today - In the modern, internet-focused definition of 'meme' - ... but these same arguments could be made for videos, phrases, etc... --- # Are memes linguistic? --- ### What makes language languagey? - There are many people who've talked about this! - There's not a consensus on exactly what makes Language language - ... but there are a number of features which most folks agree on - **If memes are language, they should fit these characteristics!** --- ### Language Characteristics - Semanticity - Arbitrariness of form and meaning - Speaker knowledge of grammaticality - Full productivity and creativity - Social transmission - Compositionality - Accomplishes linguistic functions (e.g. assertions, questions, commands, expressives) --- ## Semanticity --- ### Elements of language have meaning - The /-z/ suffix in 'memes' has a defined meaning - "Penguin" has a defined meaning - "I went to the park" has a defined meaning --- ### Memes are meaningless - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/drake_nah.jpg" alt="drakenah.jpg The image features a person wearing a bright red puffer jacket with a hood that is slightly turned up. The individual has short hair and appears to be in motion, as suggested by their posture and the slight blur of their hand. Their right hand is raised near their face, fingers spread out, while their left arm is bent at the elbow, positioned lower down. The background is a solid yellow color, which contrasts with the red jacket. There are no other discernible objects or text in the image. The lighting appears even and bright, highlighting the subject clearly against the plain backdrop. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes have meaning - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/drake_yeah.jpg" alt="drakeyeah.jpg The image features a person standing against a bright yellow background. The individual is wearing a vibrant red puffer jacket over a white shirt. They have short hair and are sporting a beard. Their eyes are closed, and they appear to be in mid-expression with their mouth slightly open as if speaking or singing. One hand is raised near the chest area, fingers slightly spread apart. The person's posture suggests a relaxed yet engaged demeanor. The bright yellow background provides a stark contrast to the red jacket, making it stand out prominently. There are no visible texts or diagrams in the image that provide additional context or information about the scene. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Arbitraryness --- ### Arbitrariness of form and meaning - The meaning of ⛄ is closely related to its form, it is 'iconic' - The meaning of /kæt/ is *not* related to its form - In language, the relationship between form and meaning is *arbitrary* --- ### Meme Iconicity - Memes are often strongly iconic - Relying on facial expressions - Photos of situations - The meaning of 'templates' is based on their image - Meanings are often grounded in specific cultural contexts - Memes can become more abstract and less iconic over time! --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/sweating_meme.jpg" alt="sweatingmeme.jpg The image is a two-panel comic strip featuring a man with short brown hair wearing a red shirt. In both panels, he appears to be in distress. In the top panel, there are two large buttons on white panels mounted on what looks like a control panel of some kind. The buttons are red and appear to be made of plastic or rubber. A hand is pointing at one of the buttons, suggesting that it might need to be pressed. The background suggests an interior setting with blue walls. In the bottom panel, the man has his head tilted back, his eyes wide open in a look of surprise or fear. He is holding his forehead with his left hand and appears to have sweat on his face, indicating stress or anxiety. His expression conveys urgency or panic. The background remains consistent with the top panel. The comic strip seems to be conveying a situation where pressing one button could lead to an undesirable outcome, as indicated by the man's reaction in the second panel. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/howaboutno.jpg" alt="howaboutno.jpg The image features a black bear standing on its hind legs with its front paws raised in a gesture that suggests disagreement or refusal. The bear's fur is dark and shiny, and it has a light-colored snout. Its ears are rounded and slightly pointed upwards. In the foreground of the image, there is bold white text at the bottom that reads HOW ABOUT NO. This phrase appears to be superimposed on the photo as part of a meme or humorous caption. The background shows an outdoor setting with green grass, some trees, and rocks. The lighting suggests it might be daytime. There are no other animals or people visible in the image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/orly.jpg" alt="orly.jpg The image features a close-up view of an owl with predominantly white feathers. The owl's eyes are large and yellow with black pupils, giving it a striking appearance. Its beak is short and curved, colored in shades of pinkish-red. The background is completely dark, which makes the owl stand out prominently. At the bottom of the image, there is text that reads O RLY? in bold white letters against the dark backdrop. This phrase is often used as a humorous or sarcastic expression to question something's truthfulness or validity. The owl appears to be in focus and centered within the frame, suggesting it might have been taken with a macro lens for close-up photography. The overall composition of the image emphasizes the owl’s facial features and the text overlay. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/tell_me_y.jpg" alt="tellmey.jpg The image is a meme that humorously contrasts two groups of characters labeled with text. The top part shows two characters standing in front of colorful doors. One character has spiky black hair and is wearing a dark outfit, while the other character has long white hair tied back and is dressed in light-colored traditional attire. Both are labeled with text: Backstreet Boys for the first character and Algebra teachers for the second. The bottom part of the image shows two figures from behind, facing each other. The figure on the left appears to be wearing a dark outfit, while the one on the right is in lighter clothing. They are also labeled with text: Tell me y, which seems to be an incomplete phrase or abbreviation that might relate to the context of the meme. The background includes several figures standing behind the main characters, dressed in traditional attire, suggesting this scene takes place in a historical setting. The colors and details suggest it is from an animated series or show. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Some meanings require a bit more understanding --- <img class="r-stretch" src="morphology/brian_blank.jpg" alt="brianblank.jpg The image displays a head-and-shoulders studio portrait of a young man against a mottled purple background. The subject has short, reddish-blond hair and light skin. He is looking directly at the camera with a broad smile that reveals metal braces on his teeth. His eyes are light-colored. He is dressed in a light blue collared shirt worn underneath a red sweater vest. The vest features a plaid pattern consisting of intersecting white and dark lines. On the left side of the vest (viewer's right), there is a small, indistinct logo that resembles a polo player on a horse. The person in this photograph is Brian Fournier, who became widely known as an internet meme character named Bad Luck Brian. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/inevitable.jpg" alt="inevitable.jpg The image features a character with dark hair and a hooded cloak, which covers most of their head and shoulders. The background appears to be a space-themed setting, possibly from a science fiction context, as indicated by the starry sky and what looks like a structure resembling a spaceship or a futuristic building. Overlaid on the image is text in bold white letters that reads IT IS INEVITABLE. This phrase suggests a sense of inevitability or destiny. The character's expression appears serious and somewhat menacing, with their mouth slightly open as if they are speaking or about to speak. The overall tone of the image seems dramatic and intense, likely intended for use in memes or as part of a larger narrative where this character plays an important role. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### ... but memes can become more abstract --- ### Abstraction of memes - Many memes are iconic, but some templates and meme formats can approach arbitrariness! - Very concrete and iconic memes can detach from their forms --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Content Warning: Miscarriage --- ### Loss - Originally posted by the webcomic [Ctrl+Alt+Del](https://cad-comic.com/) - A very serious comic about the author and his wife losing a pregnancy --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Loss - This comic was... strongly criticized - Didn't fit the tone of the strip - The dramatic element was widely considered to be poorly done - Vigorous parody began - Hiding 'Loss' references became a meme of itself - 'Is this loss?' --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Sharing disguised loss memes is a meme of its own - (and it's not one that's widely appreciated) - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/crow_of_judgement.jpg" alt="crowofjudgement.jpg The image shows a close-up view of a crow's face. The bird has dark feathers with a glossy sheen, which reflects light in certain areas, giving it a slightly iridescent appearance. Its eyes are large and round, with a white ring around the pupil that stands out against its dark eye color. The beak is short and curved downward at the tip, typical of crows. The crow's expression appears somewhat stern or serious, which might contribute to the humorous caption below it. The text reads Crow of judgement, suggesting an anthropomorphic quality where the bird seems to have a discerning or critical look on its face. This could be interpreted as a playful take on how people perceive crows, often associated with intelligence and wisdom in folklore. The background is blurred but appears to be outdoors, possibly a natural setting like a park or forested area. The focus of the image is clearly on the crow's face, making it the central subject. There are no other objects or characters visible in this close-up shot. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Loss memes have become very abstract - Distant from the original iconic form of Loss --- ### So, many meme templates are mostly iconic - Some require cultural or social knowledge - ... and some have abstracted away from iconicity completely - **This one's questionable for memes!** --- ## Grammaticality Judgements --- ### Speakers of a language know 'correct' and 'incorrect' forms - There are 'conventions' which are by and large followed - "Mara went to the store with Darnell" - *"Somebody set up us the bomb. All your base are belong to us." --- ### Memers know when memes are 'grammatical' and 'correct - Memes can be ungrammatical - Meme forms can be used incorrectly --- <img class="r-stretch" src="morphology/babymeme1.jpg" alt="babymeme1.jpg The image is an internet meme featuring a young child in the center against a geometric background of blue and purple triangles. At the top, large white text with a black outline reads LATE TO WORK. The central figure is a toddler with light brown hair wearing a green shirt with white sleeves. He has a determined, smug expression on his face and is holding one fist up in a gesture of victory or determination. This character is widely known as the Success Kid meme. Below the child, matching large white text reads BOSS WAS EVEN LATER. In the bottom right corner, there is a small watermark that says quickmeme.com. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="morphology/babymeme4.jpg" alt="babymeme4.jpg The image is a meme featuring a photograph of a baby centered against a geometric background. At the very top, in large white capital letters with a black outline, the text reads GPS ARRIVAL TIME 2:38. Below this, in the center of the image, is a young child with short light brown hair. The child is wearing a green long-sleeved shirt underneath a white t-shirt or bib. The child has a determined expression and is holding their right hand up in a clenched fist near their chest. The background behind the child consists of angular shapes in shades of blue and purple. There is a light lavender triangle on the upper left, a medium blue section directly behind the child's head, and darker blue and purple triangles filling the rest of the space. At the bottom of the image, large white capital letters with a black outline read ARRIVE AT 2:37. In the very bottom right corner, there is small white text that says quickmeme.com. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="morphology/babymeme_wrong.jpg" alt="babymemewrong.jpg The image is a meme featuring a photograph of a young child centered against a background divided into four colored triangles. The child has light brown hair and is wearing a green shirt with white sleeves. He has a determined expression, pursing his lips slightly and holding his right hand up in a clenched fist near his chest. Above the child's head, there is white text with a black outline that reads DID GREAT ON TEST. Below the child, similar white text reads ALSO DID GREAT ON HOMEWORKS. The background behind the child consists of four triangular shapes radiating from the center. The top left triangle is light lavender. The top right triangle is a medium blue. The bottom left triangle is a darker slate blue. The bottom right triangle is a deep indigo or purple color. In the very bottom right corner, there is small white text that reads imgflip.com/meme-generator.net. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Memes are able to be 'wrong' - Not cursed or 'bad', but not good uses of the form or template - These mirror linguistic grammaticality judgements of speakers - **This one checks out!** --- <img class="r-stretch" src="morphology/babymeme_brian.jpg" alt="babymemebrian.jpg The image is a meme featuring a school portrait of a young man known on the internet as Bad Luck Brian. He has short, reddish-blonde hair and light skin. He is wearing a light blue collared shirt underneath a red sweater vest with a black and white plaid pattern. He has a wide, somewhat awkward smile that reveals dental braces on his teeth. The background behind him is a mottled purple, typical of studio photography backdrops. There is text overlaid on the image in large, white, capital letters with a black outline. At the top, it reads MAKES AWESOME MEME FOR LECTURE. At the bottom, it reads IT'S UNGRAMMATICAL. In the very bottom right corner, there is a small watermark that says memegenerator.net. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Productivity and Creativity --- ### Language is productive and creative - Language can produce an infinite set of meanings - Sub-elements of language can be recombined to produce new and different language - Language can be used to describe anything (given time!) --- ### Memes are productive - Able to be adapted to new scenarios - Templates can be combined or re-used to create new memes - Memes can be combined to produce new memes --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/japanese_vowels.jpg" alt="japanesevowels.jpg This image is a two-panel meme featuring the cartoon character Winnie the Pooh, arranged vertically. The image compares two phonetic symbols associated with different depictions of the bear. Top Panel: On the left side, there is an illustration of Winnie the Pooh sitting in his signature blue armchair. He is wearing his classic red shirt. His expression is neutral or slightly sleepy, with his eyes half-closed and looking downward to the right. To the right of this image, on a white background, is the text [u] written in black brackets. This represents the International Phonetic Alphabet symbol for a close back rounded vowel sound. Bottom Panel: On the left side, Winnie the Pooh is depicted again in the same blue armchair, but his appearance has changed to look more formal and confident. He is wearing a black tuxedo with a white shirt and a black bow tie. On his forehead, there is a white rectangular sign or sticker placed diagonally. The sign contains Japanese characters: the character 日 (meaning sun/day), followed by a red circle (representing the sun on the Japanese flag), and then the character 本 (meaning book/main). Together, these read Nihon or Japan. Pooh is smiling smugly and looking to the right. To the right of this image, on a white background, is the text [ɯ] written in black brackets. This symbol looks like the letter 'u' but with a flat horizontal top instead of a curved one. It represents the International Phonetic Alphabet symbol for a close back unrounded vowel sound. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/academic_debate.jpg" alt="academicdebate.jpg This image is a vertical meme composed of four distinct panels stacked on top of one another. Each panel features a scene from the television show Pawn Stars overlaid with text resembling the title and author list of an academic paper. The meme uses the characters Rick Harrison (the older man) and Corey Harrison (the younger man) to depict an escalating argument or debate between different groups of linguists. Panel 1 (Top) The top panel shows a medium shot of Rick Harrison, an older white male with grey hair and a grey goatee. He is wearing a black sleeveless shirt that reveals tattoos on his arms. He is seated in a chair, leaning back with his right arm extended outward to the left side of the frame. His expression is one of anger or shouting. Behind him, a black t-shirt with white graphic designs hangs over the back of the chair. Below this image is a block of text formatted like a paper header: The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve? Marc D. Hauser, Noam Chomsky, W. Tecumseh Fitch Panel 2 (Second from top) The second panel shows Corey Harrison, a younger white male with dark hair, sideburns, and a black baseball cap worn forward. He is wearing a black t-shirt. He is looking off to the left of the frame with his mouth open in an aggressive shout or grimace. Behind him on the left is a black microwave oven sitting on a counter. Below this image is the text: The faculty of language: what's special about it? (with a superscript asterisk) Steven Pinker, Ray Jackendoff Panel 3 (Third from top) The third panel returns to Rick Harrison. He is shown in a close-up, looking extremely agitated with his mouth wide open as if yelling loudly. He is wearing the same black sleeveless shirt. The black t-shirt with white graphics is visible behind him again. Below this image is the text: The evolution of the language faculty: Clarifications and implications W. Tecumseh Fitch, Marc D. Hauser, Noam Chomsky (with superscript letters a, b, c next to their names) Panel 4 (Bottom) The bottom panel shows a wider shot of the room. Rick Harrison is on the left side, looking forward with a relatively calm or neutral expression. Corey Harrison is on the right side, turned away from the camera but reaching his arm out aggressively toward Rick, appearing to grab him or gesture wildly. In the background, there are glass display cases typical of a pawn shop. Below this image is the text: The nature of the language faculty and its implications for evolution of language (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, and Chomsky) (with a superscript asterisk) Ray Jackendoff, Steven Pinker (with superscript letters a, b next to their names) This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Memes are creative - New memes can be created for situations - 'You've got a meme for everything' --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/exemplar_ring.jpg" alt="exemplarring.jpg This image is a three-panel meme using scenes from the movie The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. It features white sans-serif text overlaid on each panel. Panel 1 (Top): The top panel shows a close-up of a hand holding a golden ring, known as the One Ring. The background is dark and blurry with warm, orange tones suggesting fire or light in the distance. In the upper left corner, the text reads Actual sound. Panel 2 (Middle): The middle panel features a medium shot of the character Frodo Baggins (played by Elijah Wood). He has long dark hair pulled back and pale skin. His expression is one of intense urgency or distress; his mouth is open as if he is shouting, and his eyes are wide. The text Mainstream generative phonology appears in white on the left side, slanted diagonally upwards. Below his face, smaller white text reads Cast it into the fire. Destroy it!. Panel 3 (Bottom): The bottom panel shows a close-up of the character Gandalf the Grey (played by Ian McKellen). He has long grey hair and a full grey beard. He is wearing chainmail armor visible at his neck under dark clothing. His expression is one of skepticism or mild disapproval, with his lips slightly pursed. To the right of his face, large white text reads Exemplar Theory. Below his chin, smaller white text reads No. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/measure_nasality_acoustically.jpg" alt="measurenasalityacoustically.jpg This image is an internet meme featuring a central picture of a wolf's head set against a dark background with overlaid text. At the very top of the image, in large white capital letters with a black outline, is the phrase MEASURE NASALITY. Below that, centered at the bottom in the same bold white font style, is the word ACOUSTICALLY. The central figure is the head of a black wolf or dog-like creature. Its mouth is wide open in an aggressive snarl or roar, revealing sharp white teeth and a pink tongue. The eyes are glowing with a reddish-orange hue. There appears to be some white texture around its muzzle, resembling snow or foam. The background behind the wolf is dark and grainy, featuring vertical streaks of light that look like rain or digital static. Behind the wolf's head, there is a large, faint X shape formed by lighter grey beams crossing in the center. In the bottom right corner, small white text reads memegenerator.net. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### New meme templates can always be born - See [Reddit's /r/MemeEconomy](https://www.reddit.com/r/MemeEconomy/) - ... and the rest of the internet --- ### [Tiger King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_King) was released on March 20th, 2020 - <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/financially_recover.jpg" alt="financiallyrecover.jpg The image features a man wearing a beige baseball cap with a black strap over his right shoulder. He has a goatee and is dressed in a dark jacket layered over a light-colored shirt. The background appears to be an indoor setting, possibly a garage or workshop, as there are various items hanging on the walls and what looks like tools or equipment stored around him. The text overlay at the top of the image reads: When you go grocery shopping at Whole Foods. Below that, in larger yellow font, it says: I am never going to financially recover from this. This appears to be a meme format, where the man's expression and the text convey a humorous or exaggerated reaction to spending money at Whole Foods. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- *<img class="r-stretch" src="memes/tiger_king_salad_cat.jpg" alt="tigerkingsaladcat.jpg The image is a split-screen meme that appears to reference a scene from a television show or movie. On the left side of the image, there are two individuals who seem to be engaged in an argument. The person on the right has glasses and is wearing a dark-colored shirt with a light-colored collar. This individual looks surprised or shocked as they point towards something off-screen. On the left side, another person with long blonde hair is pointing emphatically at the other individual. This person appears to be speaking passionately about an issue that has caused tension between them. The background of both images seems to be indoors, possibly a living room or similar setting. The text overlay on this part of the image reads: He disappeared! On the right side of the image is another scene featuring a man with white hair and a beard, wearing what appears to be a light-colored shirt. He has an expression that suggests he might be in disbelief or shock as well. The background here also seems to be indoors. The text overlay on this part reads: You killed him! At the top of the image is a tweet from Wes Reed (@wesreedfla) with the hashtag TigerKing, indicating that the meme may be referencing an episode or storyline involving Joe Exotic and Carole Baskin from the Netflix series Tiger King. The tweet reads: A new take on a classic! The overall tone of the image suggests a humorous or satirical commentary on a situation where someone has disappeared and another person is being accused of causing harm. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Images can go from 'funny image' to 'meme template' with repeated use - This is referred to as 'lexicalization' when it happens to words --- ### Memes can be used to describe any situation - ... and new memes can be generated to fill in any gaps - Memes are both **creative** and **productive** --- ## Traditional Transmission --- ### Language is learned from others' language use - Our language is dictated by the language we're exposed to - Cultural knowledge is included - Our language represents our social groups --- ### Memes are transmitted traditionally - Memes are culturally and socially specific - Memes spread within subcultures before reaching 'mainstream' - We can tell facts about people from their meme choices - Some memes need in-group knowledge to be understood --- ### Memes from Will's Era <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/serious_cat.jpg" alt="seriouscat.jpg The image features a white cat with greenish-yellow eyes sitting in front of an open laptop computer. The cat appears to be looking directly at the camera with a somewhat serious expression. Its fur is predominantly white, and it has prominent whiskers extending from its face. In the background, you can see part of the laptop screen displaying what looks like a spreadsheet or some kind of data chart with various colored bars (green, yellow, red) and numerical values. The text on the screen includes numbers such as 10 and 25, though it is not entirely clear from this angle. The cat's ears are perked up slightly, giving it an attentive appearance. There is some text overlaid at the bottom of the image that reads: I are serious cat. Below that, another line states: This is serious thread. The setting appears to be indoors with a ceiling light visible above the laptop and part of what looks like a patterned wall or curtain in the background on the left side. The overall lighting suggests an indoor environment with artificial light. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/youwinthisround.jpg" alt="youwinthisround.jpg The image features a close-up photograph of an owl with a slightly tilted head. The owl's feathers are primarily brown with lighter streaks and spots, giving it a textured appearance that blends well into its natural environment. Its eyes appear half-closed, and the expression on its face is somewhat grumpy or unimpressed. Overlaid text in white reads: You win this round, asshole. The font is bold and clear against the owl's fur. The background of the image appears to be a blurred green, suggesting that the photo was taken outdoors with foliage behind the owl. There are no other discernible objects or people in the frame. The owl’s facial features include prominent, dark eyes and a sharp, hooked beak typical of raptors. Its feathers have a mix of brown tones, with some areas appearing lighter due to the lighting and texture. The overall impression is that this image has been edited for humorous effect, using the owl's expression as part of its message. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Boomer memes <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/meme_generations.jpg" alt="memegenerations.jpg The image is a collage consisting of four separate panels, each depicting different individuals with humorous captions that reference generational stereotypes. 1. Top Left Panel: - The panel shows three people sitting together on what appears to be a couch. - One person in the center holds an iPad and has a sign that reads iPaid. - Another person is partially visible behind them, holding another device labeled iPod. - A dog sits between these two individuals. The dog looks small and is wearing a collar. 2. Top Right Panel: - This panel features a man with short hair laughing heartily. - He appears to be in his middle age or older. - The text above him reads Boomer and below it, Millenial. 3. Bottom Left Panel: - Similar to the top left panel, this one also shows three people sitting together on a couch. - One person is holding an iPad with the word iPeed written on it. - Another person has a sign that reads iPaid. - The dog from the first panel appears again in this scene. 4. Bottom Right Panel: - This final panel shows a close-up of what looks like a distorted or exaggerated face, possibly representing a humorous or abstract interpretation of someone's reaction. - Below it is text that reads Gen Z. Each image seems to be part of a meme-style comparison, using the devices and humorously labeled signs to represent different generations. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes can 'index' certain identities and social affiliations --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/trans_talking_about_gender.jpg" alt="transtalkingaboutgender.jpg The image is a split-screen comparison that contrasts two different scenarios involving discussions about gender. On the left side of the image: - The scene appears to be from an old painting depicting three figures walking together. - The figure on the far left has white hair and a beard, wearing a long robe with red and gold tones. - The central figure is dressed in a flowing white garment that covers most of their body, suggesting a historical or religious context. - The third figure on the right also appears to be an older person with a beard, dressed in a dark-colored robe. - They are walking along what looks like a stone pathway lined with columns and arches, indicating a classical architectural style. On the bottom left of this section, there is text that reads: talking about gender with trans people. On the right side of the image: - The scene shows an adult woman interacting with a baby. - The woman has shoulder-length brown hair and is wearing a blue top over green pants. - She appears to be engaging in a playful activity, possibly teaching or playing with the baby who is dressed in an orange shirt and dark pants. - They are standing on what looks like a table covered with a blue cloth that has white stars printed on it. - The text at the bottom of this section reads: talking about gender with cis people. The overall theme seems to be comparing discussions around gender, one involving transgender individuals (labeled as trans people) and another involving cisgender individuals (cis people). This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/nevercomingout.jpg" alt="nevercomingout.jpg The image depicts two individuals engaged in a close physical interaction, specifically an arm-wrestling match. The individual on the left has dark skin tone and is wearing a white shirt with rolled-up sleeves. Their arm is extended forward, gripping the other person's hand firmly. The individual on the right has lighter skin tone and is wearing a red sleeveless top or jacket. They are also extending their arm forward to grip the other person's hand in an arm-wrestling stance. The background of the image appears to be a dark, possibly night-time setting with some faint light sources that create a dramatic effect. The text overlaid on the image reads Never coming out and My bi self, positioned near the left individual, indicating their perspective or identity. On the right side, the text reads Cyberpunk 2077, suggesting a reference to the video game of the same name. The overall tone of the image seems to be symbolic, possibly representing a struggle or conflict between two identities or perspectives, with one being labeled as Never coming out and the other associated with the futuristic setting of Cyberpunk 2077. The text is clear and legible against the darker background. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/pepe.jpg" alt="pepe.jpg The image is a two-panel meme featuring an anthropomorphic frog character dressed in formal attire. In both panels, the frog has green skin with a lighter shade around its mouth and eyes. In the first panel: - The frog is wearing a blue suit jacket over a white shirt. - It also wears a red tie that stands out against the blue background of the image. - The frog's expression shows it laughing heartily. Its eyes are closed, and its mouth is wide open in a joyful smile. - Above the frog, there is text that reads HAHAHA GREAT POST! In the second panel: - The frog continues to wear the same outfit: blue suit jacket over a white shirt with a red tie. - This time, the frog is holding a glass of what appears to be orange juice or a similar beverage in its right hand. Its left hand is raised slightly as if gesturing. - The frog's expression remains one of laughter and amusement, but it looks more relaxed compared to the first panel. - Above the frog, there is text that reads WELL MEME'D MY FRIEND! The background of both panels is plain white, which helps focus attention on the frog character. There are no other objects or people in either panel. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/languagefacts.jpg" alt="languagefacts.jpg The image shows an outdoor scene on a paved driveway or street in a residential neighborhood. In the background, there is a green lawn with a tree on the left side and a house with steps leading up to a porch. A black mailbox stands on the right side near the edge of the pavement. There are two children featured in the image. On the right side, a young boy stands facing slightly left. He has short brown hair and is wearing a blue jersey with the number 20 printed in white on the front, dark shorts, black socks, and sneakers. He is holding a gold-colored trumpet up to his mouth as if playing it loudly. Directly below him is a black rectangular box containing the white text me. On the left side of the image stands a girl with long brown hair. She is wearing a light-colored top and shorts. Her hands are raised to cover her face, indicating embarrassment or that she is hiding. Near her waist level is another black rectangular box with the white text all my friends. Above the girl's head, floating in the space between the two children, is a third black rectangular box containing the white text random facts about languages. The arrangement of the labels suggests a meme format where the boy represents someone enthusiastically sharing information, while the girl represents people reacting with embarrassment to that behavior. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes often need in-group knowledge --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/watch_lvmh.jpg" alt="watchlvmh.jpg The image is a two-panel meme that humorously contrasts different perspectives on watch reviews. In the top panel: - On the left side, there's a woman wearing a white and black striped shirt. She appears to be walking away from the viewer. - In the center of this panel, there’s text that reads IMPARTIAL WATCH REVIEWS. - To the right, there is another person standing with their hands on their hips. This individual is wearing a light gray t-shirt and jeans. The text next to them says HODINKEE. In the bottom panel: - On the left side, there's an African-American man in a red plaid shirt. He has his arm around the shoulder of another person who appears to be a white man with short dark hair. - The text on this side reads LVMH. - To the right, the same white man from the top panel is now standing alone and looking at the African-American man. The background in both panels seems to be an outdoor setting, possibly near a building or storefront. There are some blurred elements that suggest other people might be present but not clearly defined due to the focus on the main figures. The overall tone of the meme suggests a playful commentary on who is considered impartial when it comes to watch reviews and who might have more influence in the industry. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/watch_okboomer.jpg" alt="watchokboomer.jpg The image shows two wristwatches placed side by side for comparison. The watch on the top is a Blancpain model with a black dial featuring white hour markers and hands that glow in the dark. The text above this watch reads, I WAS THE FIRST MODERN DIVING WATCH! Below the watch face, there's additional text that says @WATCHTASTER. The watch below it is a Rolex Submariner model, also known as the Oyster Perpetual Date. This watch has a black dial with white hour markers and hands. The Rolex logo is prominently displayed at the bottom of the watch face along with the words OYSTER PERPETUAL DATE. To the right side of this watch, there's text that reads, OK BOOMER. Both watches have black straps and are set against a plain background to highlight their details. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/slavic_accusative.jpg" alt="slavicaccusative.jpg The user wants a detailed description of the provided image for a blind student. I need to break down the image into its components: layout, characters, text, and context. Layout: - It's a two-panel meme. - Top panel shows an adult woman in a car. - Bottom panel shows a young boy in the back seat of the same car. - There is white text overlaid on both panels. - There is yellow text overlaid across the middle/bottom of the top panel. - There is a vertical watermark on the right side. Top Panel: - Visuals: A woman with blonde hair, wearing a black jacket or shirt. She is in the driver's seat (or front passenger, but looks like she's turning around). Her mouth is wide open as if screaming or yelling aggressively. The background shows a house and trees through the car window. - Text (White): Declension paradigms centered over her face/upper chest. - Text (Yellow): Why cant you just be normal? across the lower part of the panel, near the dashboard/windshield area. Bottom Panel: - Visuals: A young boy with curly brown hair. He is in the back seat, wearing a blue sweater or shirt and grey pants. He is leaning back against the seat, mouth wide open screaming. His eyes are closed or squinting. He looks distressed. - Text (White): Accusative case in Slavic languages centered over his chest/face area. - Text (Yellow/White at bottom): Screams at the very bottom. Watermark: - Vertical text on the right edge: MemeCenter.com. Context/Characters: - The characters are from the movie The Breakfast Club. - The woman is Claire Standish (played by Molly Ringwald) - wait, no, that's not Molly Ringwald. That looks like the mother character or a teacher? Actually, looking closer at the top panel, that is definitely the mother character from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? No, let me re-evaluate. - Wait, let's look at the faces. The woman in the top panel has blonde hair and looks distressed/angry. It looks like the scene where the mom finds out Ferris is gone? Or maybe it's from The Breakfast Club. Let's check the boy. The boy is definitely Judd Nelson (John Bender) or Emilio Estevez (Jim)? No, that looks like the character Brian Johnson (the nerd) played by Anthony Michael Hall? No, the hair is curly. - Actually, this is a very famous meme template. It's from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The woman is Cameron's mom (or Ferris's dad? No). Wait, let me look at the boy again. That is definitely the character Ferris or Cameron? No, that looks like the kid in the back seat screaming. - Let's re-examine the source material. This is a scene from The Breakfast Club. The woman is Claire Standish (Molly Ringwald)? No, she has short blonde hair. Wait, is it the mom from Ferris Bueller? - Actually, looking at the top panel, that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney or similar? No. - Let's look at the bottom panel boy. That is definitely Anthony Michael Hall (Brian Johnson) or maybe Judd Nelson? No, the hair is curly and light brown. It looks like the character John Bender (Judd Nelson) but with different lighting? Or maybe it's the scene where they are in the car? - Wait, this is a specific meme format often called Why can't you be normal?. The top image is usually a parent yelling at a child. - Let's look really closely at the faces. - Top: A woman with blonde hair, looking very angry. This looks like the character from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? No. It looks like the mom from The Breakfast Club? No. - Actually, I recognize this specific meme template. The top image is often identified as a mother yelling at her son. The bottom image is the son screaming back. - Let's look at the boy again. That is definitely the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club? No, he has straight hair usually. - Is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad finds out? No. - Let's try to identify the movie based on the car interior. It looks like a station wagon or an older sedan. - Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney from Ferris Bueller? No. - Wait, is it from The Breakfast Club? The scene where they are in the library? No, this is a car. - Is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris drives the Ferrari and gets pulled over? No. - Let's look at the boy again. That looks like the character Cameron Frye (Matthew Broderick)? No, that's a girl in the top panel. - Okay, let's look at the text overlay. Declension paradigms. This implies a language learning context. - The meme is likely using a scene from Ferris Bueller's Day Off where Cameron's mom finds out they are gone? No. - Let's try: The Breakfast Club. The scene where they are in the car? No, they don't go to school by car usually. - Is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? - Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh) from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. She has blonde hair. And the boy in the back... wait, Ferris is the driver usually. - Let's reconsider the movie. Is it The Breakfast Club? The boy looks like Anthony Michael Hall. - Actually, I think this is from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The top woman is Cameron's mom (Michele Marsh). She is yelling at Ferris/Cameron. But the boy in the back... that doesn't fit. - Let's look at the boy again. That looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. He has curly hair in some scenes? No. - Wait, is it from Ferris Bueller? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad finds out? - Let's look at the boy's face. That is definitely Judd Nelson (John Bender)? No. - Okay, let's look at the watermark MemeCenter.com. This confirms it's a meme. - Let's try to identify the specific scene. The top woman has blonde hair and is wearing black. The bottom boy has curly brown hair and is wearing blue/grey. - Is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris drives the Ferrari and gets pulled over by a cop? No. - Is it from The Breakfast Club? The scene where they are in the library? No, this is clearly inside a car. - Wait, could it be from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? - Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. - But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. - Let's try a different angle. Is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad finds out they are gone? - Actually, I think this is from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The top woman is Cameron's mom (Michele Marsh). She is yelling at Ferris. But the boy in the back... that doesn't fit. - Let's look at the boy again. That looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. He has curly hair in some scenes? No. - Wait, is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? - Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. - But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. - Let's try to identify the movie based on the car interior. It looks like a station wagon or an older sedan. - Actually, I think this is from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The top woman is Cameron's mom (Michele Marsh). She is yelling at Ferris/Cameron. But the boy in the back... that doesn't fit. - Let's look at the boy again. That looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. He has curly hair in some scenes? No. - Wait, is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? - Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. - But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. - Let's try a different angle. Is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad finds out they are gone? - Actually, I think this is from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The top woman is Cameron's mom (Michele Marsh). She is yelling at Ferris. But the boy in the back... that doesn't fit. - Let's look at the boy again. That looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. He has curly hair in some scenes? No. - Wait, is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? - Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. - But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. Okay, let's step back. I don't need to identify the movie perfectly if I can describe the visual accurately. The prompt asks me to identify them if I recognize them. - Top person: A woman with blonde hair, wearing a black top. She is leaning forward, mouth open in a scream/yell. - Bottom person: A young boy with curly brown hair, wearing a blue sweater/shirt and grey pants. He is sitting in the back seat, leaning back, mouth wide open screaming. - Text: Declension paradigms (top), Why cant you just be normal? (middle yellow), Accusative case in Slavic languages (bottom white), Screams (bottom yellow/white). Wait, I recognize the scene now. It's from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. - Top: Cameron's mom (Michele Marsh) yelling at Ferris? No, that doesn't make sense with the boy in the back. - Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. - But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. Let's try: The Breakfast Club. The scene where they are in the car? No, they don't go to school by car usually. Is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. Okay, let's look at the boy again. That looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. He has curly hair in some scenes? No. Wait, is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. Let's try to identify the movie based on the car interior. It looks like a station wagon or an older sedan. Actually, I think this is from Ferris Bueller's Day Off. The top woman is Cameron's mom (Michele Marsh). She is yelling at Ferris/Cameron. But the boy in the back... that doesn't fit. Let's look at the boy again. That looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. He has curly hair in some scenes? No. Wait, is it from Ferris Bueller's Day Off? The scene where Ferris is driving and his dad calls? Actually, looking at the top woman... that looks like the character Mrs. Rooney (Michele Marsh). She has blonde hair. And she is yelling. But the boy in the back... that looks like the character Brian Johnson (Anthony Michael Hall) from The Breakfast Club. Okay, let's try a different angle. Is it from Ferris Bueller's This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/pie_lana_del_rey.jpg" alt="pielanadelrey.jpg This image is a screenshot of a tweet posted by a user named Matthew Boutilier. At the top left, there is a circular profile picture showing a person sitting outdoors wearing a blue jacket. Next to it is the name Matthew followed by two blue verification checkmarks and the handle @mattboot. The body of the tweet contains a list of text that breaks down the name Lana Del Rey into various languages and historical linguistic stages. The text is arranged in a vertical list format as follows: sp: lana del rey fr: laine du roi port: lâ do rei cat: llana del rei it: lana del re rom: lâna regelui vulgar latin: lana dẹ (ẹllọ) rẹgje classical latin: lāna rēgis proto-italic: wlānā rēges proto-indo-european: h2wí[ḥ1,neh2 h3régs At the very bottom of the image, there is a timestamp that reads 5:50 PM · 27 Oct 18. The text uses various linguistic symbols, including asterisks to denote reconstructed words and diacritical marks like macrons (lines over letters) and subscripts. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/sociolinguistics.jpg" alt="sociolinguistics.jpg The image features a woman with shoulder-length curly hair that appears to be dark brown or black in color. She is wearing what looks like a light-colored top, possibly white or cream, and her expression seems neutral as she looks directly at the viewer. To the right of the woman, there is text on the image. The main heading reads Sociolinguistics? In my memes? Below this, it says, It's more likely than you think. At the bottom, there is a call-to-action button that says FREE PC CHECK! and includes the logo for ContentWatch. The background of the image appears to be plain white. There are no other significant elements or objects in the image aside from the text and the woman. The overall layout suggests this might be an advertisement or informational graphic related to sociolinguistics, memes, and possibly a software tool offered by ContentWatch. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes have traditional transmission - They are learned from other meme users - They are bundled with and index sociocultural information - Your upbringing and environment play a strong role in determining how you use and understand them - **Yup, that's languagey!** --- ## Compositionality --- ### Language is compositional - Larger wholes are made up of smaller parts, each contributing part of the meaning - 'Unlockable' (un+lock+able) - "I'm never gonna give you up." --- ### Memes are compositional - The captions themselves carry meaning (duh) - Meme templates carry meaning too! - Other stylistic elements can carry meaning --- ### Meme template meaning - Changing ONLY the template changes the meaning - Minimal pairs are possible - Mememes? --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Meme style cues have meaning in isolation too --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/deepfried_1.jpg" alt="deepfried1.jpg This image is a collage consisting of four quadrants, each containing different illustrations and text. Here's a detailed description: 1. Top Left Quadrant: - The illustration features an animated character with exaggerated facial features. - The character has a large head relative to the body, prominent eyes, and a wide mouth that appears to be speaking or shouting. - The character is wearing green pants and a white shirt. - The text next to this image reads What if You. 2. Top Right Quadrant: - This quadrant contains an illustration of another animated character with a similar exaggerated facial expression, but the face has been edited to look like it's melting or degrading into a pixelated pattern. - The character is wearing what appears to be a blue outfit with white dots. - The text next to this image reads Wanted to go to Heaven. 3. Bottom Left Quadrant: - This quadrant shows an animated character with a large, exaggerated head and a wide mouth that seems to be speaking or shouting. - The character is wearing a black outfit with a white shirt underneath. - The text next to this image reads What if You. 4. Bottom Right Quadrant: - This quadrant features two different animated characters. - On the left, there's an illustration of a character that appears to be melting or degrading into a pixelated pattern similar to the one in the top right quadrant. - On the right, there is another animated character with a large head and wide eyes. This character has blue hair and is wearing a red outfit with white gloves. - The text next to this image reads Gillette fusion Proglide. Each quadrant contains different characters and text that seem to be part of a meme or humorous illustration. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Memes are compositional! - They're evaluable in terms of many components, each contributing meaning - These meaning components are productive, and can be re-used elsewhere --- ## Linguistic Functions --- ### Language accomplishes functions - We can make simple assertive sentences - "The duck quacked at his bae" - We can ask questions - "Who posted the loss meme?" - We can issue directives - "Declare a LING major." - We can express our feelings - "I'm confused by deep fried memes" - We can change things about the world - "I sentence you to ten hours of community service" --- ### Memes can make simple assertions - <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/emotional_support_dog.jpg" alt="emotionalsupportdog.jpg The image shows a black dog sitting inside what appears to be a car. The dog is wearing a blue collar with a silver buckle. Its ears are floppy and it has a slightly sad expression on its face. The text overlay on the image reads, My emotional support dog after I tell him all my problems. The background includes parts of the car's interior, such as the seat and window frame. The dog appears to be an older breed with some white fur around its muzzle and chest area. Its eyes are slightly red or bloodshot, which could indicate tiredness or stress. The overall tone of the image suggests a humorous or relatable scenario where the dog is being portrayed as a source of comfort after sharing one's problems. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes can ask questions - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/whynotboth.jpg" alt="whynotboth.jpg The image features a young girl with short dark hair that falls just above her shoulders. She has a slightly puzzled or inquisitive expression on her face. The girl is wearing a light-colored top with a pink trim around the neckline and sleeves. In front of her, there's text that reads WHY NOT BOTH? in bold, capital letters. Below this text, there appears to be another line of smaller text, but it is not fully visible or legible due to the angle and focus on the girl's face. The background behind the girl includes some blurred elements, possibly indicating an indoor setting with household items like a yellow container and what might be part of a kitchen counter. The image seems to have been digitally manipulated for comedic effect, as indicated by the meme-like quality of the text and the overall composition. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes can issue directives - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/dewit.gif" alt="dewit.gif The image displays a medium shot of an older man with short, thinning white hair and fair skin. He has a serious, neutral expression on his face and is looking slightly towards the viewer's left. He is wearing a dark, high-collared uniform or robe that appears to have a textured, possibly woven or metallic pattern. Superimposed across the lower chest area of his garment is the word DEWIT in white, capital, sans-serif letters. The background behind him is dark and shadowy, featuring what looks like an arched doorway or window frame. Through this opening, a view of outer space is visible, characterized by a black void dotted with stars. In the distance within the space view, there are small, blurry shapes that resemble spacecraft or droids flying in formation. The lighting in the scene is cool and dim, dominated by shades of blue and black. The visual style and background elements suggest this is a still from a science fiction film, likely Star Wars, featuring an actor who resembles Ian McDiarmid. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes can express our feelings - <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/confused.gif" alt="confused.gif The image shows an indoor scene featuring two people, likely in a living room or bedroom area. The primary subject is a young Black man standing slightly to the left of the center. He has short dark hair and facial stubble. He is wearing a plain white t-shirt and black pants. On his left forearm, there are visible tattoos that appear to be script or lettering. He is looking down at an object he is holding in both hands, which looks like a black camera or perhaps a phone case, and he seems to be adjusting it with a slight smile on his face. To the far right edge of the image, another person is partially visible from the torso up. This individual is wearing a grey t-shirt with a circular logo that includes text, partially reading THE. Only their left arm and side are in the frame. The background reveals details about the room. Behind the main subject, there is an open doorway leading into what appears to be a kitchen or another living area. In that back room, against the wall, stands a wooden dresser or cabinet with several items on top, including bottles and a red box. On the wall in that back room, there are posters; one blue poster near the top has the word Team written on it, and below it is a black poster with white graphics. To the left of the main subject, hanging on the wall, is a framed photograph with a wooden frame. The photo inside appears to show two people, possibly a woman and a child. Below this picture, there is a piece of furniture, likely a couch or chair, which has an orange item, possibly a pillow or blanket, resting on it. The lighting in the room appears to be artificial indoor lighting. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes can change things about the world - <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/ban.gif" alt="ban.gif The image displays a medium shot of an adult male standing indoors, likely in a kitchen or dining area. He has dark hair that is swept back and a tan complexion. He is wearing dark sunglasses and a white sleeveless undershirt (tank top). His right arm is raised in front of him, bent at the elbow, with his hand positioned near his chest level; his fingers are curled slightly inward as if he is holding something small or making a specific gesture. He appears to be looking downward or towards the camera, though his eyes are obscured by the sunglasses. Overlaid on the image, centered across his chest and upper arm area, is white text that reads ban ban in two lines. The word ban appears on top of the second ban. The background suggests a domestic setting. To the left, behind the man's raised arm, there is a counter with several dark glass bottles standing upright. To the right, further back, there is a table with various items on it, including what looks like a cup and a small rectangular object. Underneath the table, the legs of a stool or chair are visible. The lighting in the scene is warm and directional, casting shadows on the man's face and arm, suggesting sunlight coming from the left side of the frame. The image quality is slightly grainy, typical of a screenshot from a video or GIF. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Memes can accomplish the same purposes as language! - Boy, it sure seems like... --- # Memes have almost all of the characteristics of language! --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/coolstoryhouse.jpg" alt="coolstoryhouse.jpg The image features a man with short gray hair and a beard, wearing a dark suit jacket over a light purple shirt. He is giving two thumbs up with both hands, which are positioned in front of him at chest level. The background appears to be an indoor setting, possibly an office or a room with a door visible behind him. The text overlay on the image reads COOL STORY BRO! in bold white letters, and there's also a watermark that says memegenerator.net located near the bottom right corner of the image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> - Why do we care? --- ## Linguistics can help us understand memes! --- ### Most subfields have meme-related questions! - Phonology/Phonotactics - What form elements can co-occur? What's not a legal combination - Morphology - What are the correspondences between meme form and meaning? - How do memes go from funny pictures to productive chunks of meaning and form? - Semantics - How do we describe the meaning of memes? - Pragmatics - What effects do context and discourse have on meme meaning? --- ### Meme Linguistics continued! - Sociolinguistics - What does meme use tell us about people's social life? - How are memes used to index social identity? - Conversation and Discourse Analysis - What roles do memes play in advancing conversations and discourse? - Translation theory - Can a meme be translated effectively into another language or culture? - Can memes be made into text? - Diachronic Linguistics - How do memes change over time? - Do memes follow the same patterns as language? --- ### All that time you've spent on a linguistics degree will also help you study memes - <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/stonks.jpg" alt="stonks.jpg The image features a figure dressed in a dark suit with a light blue tie standing against a backdrop that resembles a stock market display. The background is filled with various numbers and symbols typically associated with financial data, such as percentages, dollar amounts, and arrows indicating changes in values. There are also some letters like N/A which stand for Not Applicable, suggesting missing or unavailable information. The figure has a bald head and is wearing a suit that appears to be black or dark gray. The person's arms are crossed over their chest, giving an impression of confidence or readiness. In the bottom right corner of the image, there is text in lowercase letters that reads stonks, which is often used as slang for stocks on social media platforms like Twitter and Reddit. The overall theme of the image seems to be related to financial markets, possibly humorously referencing stock prices with the term stonks. The figure's pose and attire suggest a professional or business context. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Wrapping up - Memes are bits of cultural information which are spread from person to person - They share many of the properties often attributed to conventional signed and spoken language - Linguistic tools and methods are useful for their analysis --- ### In summary - <img class="r-stretch" src="memes/memesarelanguage.jpg" alt="memesarelanguage.jpg The image shows a man sitting at an outdoor table on what appears to be a college campus. The setting includes brick pathways, greenery, and part of a building in the background. The man is wearing a blue long-sleeved shirt with a logo on it that resembles a stylized M or W. He has short dark hair and is smiling while gesturing with his right hand as if he's speaking. His left arm rests on the table, which holds various items including papers, a mug, and what looks like a microphone stand. In front of him, there’s a large sign that reads: - Memes are language - CHANGE MY MIND The background includes trees, benches, and part of a building with arched windows. The overall atmosphere suggests an outdoor setting on a university campus during the daytime. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Acknowledgements - Thanks to [LingUA at UCSD](http://ling.ucsd.edu/undergrad/student-opportunities/lingua.html) - Thanks to the Linguistically Informed Memery Crew - Thanks to Lolcats, for getting me started --- <huge>Thank you!</huge>