<iframe data-autoplay width="840" height="500" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/9jK-NcRmVcw"></iframe> --- ### Administrative Notes * **Recitations are cancelled Friday!** * The final will be 85 questions plus a long answer question * Everybody's taking the exam at the registered time. * Missed exams will require a note from CU or a medical professional to make up * All previous grades freeze at midnight * Come talk to me right after lecture if you're coming to my office hours --- ### For the "Give two grammatical structures not found in English" question * "Grammatical structures" are things like "Word order", "Prepositions", "Tense", etc * Basically anything we've covered this semester * Pick something that English doesn't use at all (or uses poorly) * Word order, Prepositions and Tense are bad examples --- ### Any other final (or Final) questions? * Bring a #2 pencil and your student ID number to the exam --- <section data-background="lotwimg/earth.jpeg"> <section style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4)"> <h1>Languages of the World</h1> <h3>Will Styler</h3> </section> --- # Gratitude --- ### Thanks to... * Asya Pereltsvaig for the textbook * All of our guest lecturers for their nerding * Kevin and Niloo (alphabetically) for their help and support * You all, for being here! --- # Flashback! --- ### This class will teach you about Language, by talking about languages. * Goal 1: Learn how linguists talk about Language * Goal 2: Learn about the incredible diversity of language in the world * Goal 3: Learn about the life cycle of languages * Goal 4: Talk about languages! * Goal 5: Turn you all into Linguists. --- # How'd we do? --- ## Goal 1: "Learn how linguists talk about Language" --- > Ojibwe is an Algonquian dialect continuum of the Great Lakes region. It's polysynthetic, VSO/VOS, with heavy use of animacy, evidentiality, and modality. Phonologically, a seven vowel system is used, with both vowel length and nasality contrastive. * ### OMG! We can understand that gibberish! --- ### Success! --- <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/celebration_fey.gif" alt="celebrationfey.gif The image features a woman with shoulder-length brown hair and glasses sitting on a blue couch. She is wearing a dark purple long-sleeved top. Her facial expression conveys surprise or excitement, with her mouth open in an oval shape as if she is speaking or exclaiming something. She is raising her left hand in a waving gesture toward the viewer. Behind her to the left, there is a window covered by horizontal blinds. Below the window, a white radiator runs along the wall. To her right, the wall is painted a muted yellow-green color. The woman appears to be the character Liz Lemon from the television show 30 Rock, played by Tina Fey. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Goal 2: "Learn about the incredible diversity of language in the world" --- ### People will say stupid things to you. * "Translators are overpaid. All they do is remember different words in other languages." * "German's easy, it has most of the same sounds as English." * "Oh, come on. Indian can't be endangered, there are 300 reservations worth of speakers!" * "English is the hardest/easiest/original language." --- ### You can smack them down! --- <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/who-is-awesome.jpg" alt="who-is-awesome.jpg The image features a beagle puppy with its eyes closed, appearing relaxed or possibly sleepy. The puppy has a white chest and belly, with brown patches on its back and ears. Its front paws are raised in the air as if it is gesturing or playfully interacting. The background of the image appears to be plain and light-colored, likely a wall or curtain, which helps focus attention on the puppy. At the bottom of the image, there's text that reads WHO'S AWESOME? followed by another line saying You're awesome. The font is bold and white with black outlines for better visibility against the background. The overall tone of the image seems lighthearted and positive, aimed at boosting confidence or self-esteem. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Goal 3: "Learn about the life cycle of languages" --- ### You can now explain... * What language death is * What language revitalization is * Why languages tend to die in the first place * Why that's a bad thing. --- ### That's more than 99% of the world population knows! * ... And you're a better citizen of the world for it! --- <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/carltondance.gif" alt="carltondance.gif The image displays a full-body shot of a man standing against a plain white background. He appears to be the singer Chris Brown, likely from an early point in his career given his youthful appearance. He has short dark hair and facial stubble covering his chin and upper lip. He is smiling broadly, showing his teeth. He is dressed in a bright red jacket that has a shiny, reflective surface, suggesting it is made of leather or a similar material. The jacket is unzipped at the top, revealing a black shirt underneath. There are silver zippers visible on the front of the jacket and likely on pockets as well. On his left shoulder (which appears on the right side of the image from the viewer's perspective), there is a gold-colored patch or emblem attached to the sleeve. He is wearing dark pants, which appear to be black jeans or trousers that fit loosely around his legs. His body language suggests he is in the middle of a dance move. His legs are spread wide apart in a stable stance. His right arm is raised up to about shoulder height and bent at the elbow, with his hand open and fingers slightly curled as if snapping or gesturing rhythmically. His left arm is bent across his chest, with his fist clenched near his left shoulder area. The lighting on the image creates highlights along the folds of the red jacket, emphasizing its texture. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Goal 4: "Talk about languages!" --- ### You can now name more languages than 90% of Americans * ... and you can talk intelligently about them too! * This doesn't seem like much, but... --- ### **People *love* when you know something about their language!** * "You're the first person I've ever known who's heard of Amharic!" * "Every other American thinks Iranian people speak Arabic! Thank you!" * "Oh, yeah, Russian's hard. You guys are all about that Case!" * 🎶 "We're bringing Dative baaaaack, why don't you tell them Romance speakers that." 🎶 * 🎶 "I know y'all use noun claaass..." 🎶 --- ### You're there to tell them that every foreign tongue is perfect from the bottom to the top * (because it is.) * Seriously, you get a lot of mileage out of "Oh, ____, that's a beautiful language!" --- ... also... --- ### You know lots more about different cultures now, too! * You know why the Chechens and Russians don't see eye-to-eye * Same with the Basque, Uighur, Kurds, etc. * You know that there was more than one Native American group * (You'd be surprised, in Boulder...) * You know that not all Africans are Khoisan language speakers * (and that all the rest don't speak Swahili) --- ### You know weird things now! * You know that Stalin didn't speak Russian well * "I speak Hebrew!" "Awesome, I love conlangs! Do you speak Klingon too?" * You know that Simba is named "Lion" * You know that everything in Chipotle is Nahuatl * [Except the art.](http://www.languagejones.com/blog-1/2014/11/10/language-jones-and-the-temple-ofburritos) * You know that we've stolen half our state names from Indigenous languages --- You know that Michael Bay only has one facial expression <img class="r-stretch big" src="img/michaelbay.jpg" alt="michaelbay.jpg The image displays a head-and-shoulders portrait of a man identified as film director Michael Bay. He has fair skin and light blue eyes that are looking directly forward at the viewer. His hair is sandy brown or dark blonde, styled in a messy, swept-up fashion on top of his head with longer strands falling slightly over his ears. He has short facial hair, appearing as stubble along his jawline and upper lip. He is dressed in a white jacket, which appears to be a blazer or suit coat, worn open at the front. Underneath the jacket, he wears a light blue button-down shirt with a collar. The top button of the shirt is unbuttoned, leaving a small gap at the neck. Near the bottom center of the visible portion of the shirt, there appears to be a small metallic detail or pin attached to the fabric. The background is out of focus, suggesting a shallow depth of field often used in event photography. Behind him, there are indistinct shapes of other people. To the right side of the frame, a blurry figure with blonde hair is partially visible. The lighting appears bright and direct on his face, likely from camera flashes, contrasting with the darker, blurred environment behind him. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- You know that Michael Bay only has one facial expression <img class="r-stretch big" src="img/michaelbay2.jpg" alt="michaelbay2.jpg The user wants a description of the provided image for a blind student. I need to describe: - The person in the image (identity if known). - Physical appearance (hair, face, clothing). - Background elements (logos, text). - Any other relevant details. Image Analysis: - Person: It's a man. He looks like actor Josh Brolin. Wait, let me look closer. No, that's not Josh Brolin. That's Michael Bay? No. Let's re-evaluate. - Actually, looking at the facial features: receding hairline, distinct nose, eyes. This is Michael Bay? No. - Is it Josh Brolin? No. - Is it John Travolta? No. - Wait, let me look at the background. There's a Cadillac logo on the left and GQ text partially visible at the top right. This suggests a red carpet event or an awards show sponsored by Cadillac and GQ. - Let's look at the face again. It looks like Michael Bay (the director). No, that doesn't seem right either. - Is it Josh Brolin? Let me check my internal knowledge base for GQ Cadillac red carpet. - Actually, looking very closely at the features: The hair is light brown/blonde, slightly messy. The eyes are blue/green. The nose is straight. This looks like Michael Bay. Wait, no. - Let's try Josh Brolin again. No. - Is it Ben Stiller? No. - Is it Owen Wilson? No. - Let's look at the logo on the left. It's definitely a Cadillac crest. - The text at the top right says GQ. - Who is this? It looks like Michael Bay. Wait, no, Michael Bay has darker hair usually. - Is it Josh Brolin? No. - Let me try to identify him based on features. He has a somewhat long face. - Ah, could it be Michael Bay? No. - Is it John Cusack? No. - Wait, is it Josh Brolin in his younger days? No. - Let's look at the hair again. It's blonde/light brown. - Is it Owen Wilson? No. - Is it Ben Stiller? No. - Is it Michael Bay? No. - Wait, is it Josh Brolin? No. - Let me try a different angle. Who is associated with Cadillac and GQ? - Maybe it's Michael Bay. He directed Transformers which had Cadillacs. But the face doesn't quite match. - Is it Josh Brolin? No. - Is it John Travolta? No. - Let's look at the eyes. They are light colored. - Is it Michael Bay? No. - Wait, is it Josh Brolin? No. - Is it Ben Stiller? No. - Is it Owen Wilson? No. - Is it Michael Bay? No. - Let's try Josh Brolin again. No. - Is it John Cusack? No. - Is it Josh Brolin? No. - Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. - Is it Josh Brolin? No. - Is it Ben Stiller? No. - Is it Owen Wilson? No. - Is it Michael Bay? No. Let's look at the image again very carefully. The man has light brown hair, swept back but messy on top. He is wearing a black coat or jacket over a dark blue shirt with buttons visible. He has a slight smile. The background is dark grey/black. Left side: Cadillac logo (shield shape with crest). Top right: GQ in white letters. Who is this? It looks like Michael Bay. No, Michael Bay has a different nose. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Is it Michael Bay? No. Wait, is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Let's try searching my internal database for GQ Cadillac red carpet. This looks like the GQ Men of the Year Awards or similar. Who attended? Maybe Michael Bay? No. Maybe Josh Brolin? No. Maybe Ben Stiller? No. Maybe Owen Wilson? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's look at the face again. It looks like Michael Bay. No. Wait, is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Actually, looking really closely, this is Michael Bay. No, that's not right. Let me try Josh Brolin again. No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? 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No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try Michael Bay. No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Cusack? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Wait, is it Michael Bay? No. Is it Josh Brolin? No. Is it John Travolta? No. Is it Ben Stiller? No. Is it Owen Wilson? No. Let's try This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- You know that Michael Bay only has one facial expression <img class="r-stretch big" src="img/michaelbay3.jpg" alt="michaelbay3.jpg This image is a close-up portrait of a man identified as film director Michael Bay. He has light skin and blue eyes. His hair is shoulder-length, wavy, and blonde with some darker tones near the scalp. He has short facial hair, appearing as stubble on his chin and upper lip. He is wearing a dark, possibly black or navy blue, collared shirt with the top button unbuttoned. He is looking directly at the camera with a subtle, closed-mouth smile. The lighting suggests it is daytime outdoors, casting soft shadows under his nose and chin. In the background, there is a light blue banner or wall, typical of a red carpet event or movie premiere. On this backdrop, logos are visible; one clearly depicts a stylized robot face, which is associated with the Transformers franchise. To the left of the main subject, slightly out of focus in the background, the top of another person's head with dark hair is visible. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- You know that Michael Bay only has one facial expression <img class="r-stretch big" src="img/michaelbay4.jpg" alt="michaelbay4.jpg A picture of Michael Bay"> --- <danger>What else did you learn?</danger> --- ## Goal 5: "Turn you all into Linguists." --- <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/missionaccomplished.png" alt="missionaccomplished.png The image is a graphic design featuring a red circular stamp with the words MISSION ACCOMPLISHED written in bold, uppercase letters inside it. The text is arranged in two lines: MISSION on the top and ACCOMPLISHED below it. The font appears to be a sans-serif typeface, which gives it a clean and modern look. The stamp has a textured appearance, suggesting that it might have been printed with an embossed or grungy effect, giving it a three-dimensional feel as if it were a real rubber stamp. The red color is vibrant and stands out against the white background of the image. There are no people in this image; only text and the design elements associated with the stamp itself. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> * Right? --- <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/missionaccomplished.png" alt="missionaccomplished.png The image is a graphic design featuring a red circular stamp with the words MISSION ACCOMPLISHED written in bold, uppercase letters inside it. The text is arranged in two lines: MISSION on the top and ACCOMPLISHED below it. The font appears to be a sans-serif typeface, which gives it a clean and modern look. The stamp has a textured appearance, suggesting that it might have been printed with an embossed or grungy effect, giving it a three-dimensional feel as if it were a real rubber stamp. The red color is vibrant and stands out against the white background of the image. There are no people in this image; only text and the design elements associated with the stamp itself. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> Right? <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Oh, some of you don't yet know that you want to declare a LING Major! --- Taking this class was a *great* first step! --- ### You've got a *huge* advantage in LING 2000 * We covered a lot of similar material, just from a very different perspective * Seriously, take LING 2000. You'll need it for the major * ... which you've already declared --- ### ... and in every other Linguistics class * We've covered elements of Language Sound Structures (LING 3100) * ... and World Language Policies (LING 3545) * ... and Morphosyntax (LING 4420) * ... and Language and Culture (LING 4800) * ... and American Indian Languages (LING ____) --- ### Did I mention the LING Major and Minor are pretty small? * Especially if you're taking a foreign language already! * Email Deanna Fierman for more information on declaring * Fierman@colorado.edu * (You can't blame a guy for trying, right?) --- ### OK, OK, maybe you're not *all* going to declare a LING major * ... but I've still warped all of your brains! --- ### You'll be weirdly interested in people speaking another language on the street --- <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/upsquirrellanguage.png" alt="upsquirrellanguage.png The image features an animated dog with a light brown coat and a black nose. The dog has large, expressive eyes that are wide open, giving it a surprised or concerned expression. Around its neck is a collar with a red light on the front, which appears to be glowing brightly. In the foreground of the image, there's text in bold letters that reads Language! This text is positioned at the bottom center and is written in black with a white outline for better visibility against the background. The dog’s fur has some darker brown patches around its ears and on top of its head. The collar it wears seems to be made of a dark material, possibly leather or fabric, and it fits snugly around its neck. The red light on the collar is circular in shape and stands out prominently due to its brightness. The background appears to be an outdoor setting with what looks like a rocky surface or ground covered in small stones or pebbles. There are also some patches of greenery visible, suggesting grass or plants growing among the rocks. The lighting suggests it might be daytime, as there is enough light illuminating the scene clearly. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Hearing an ejective in the wild will make your day. * (Seriously, you laugh now, but when you hear one...) --- ### You're *much* better equipped to learn another language * "So, this language does something *reallllllly* exotic..." * Dude, it's just case. Cool your jets. * "Can we just drop the pretense and look at a pronoun chart?" --- ### You're also better equipped to handle the uninformed * "We need somebody to offer customer support in Hmong. Let's just buy Sandy a Rosetta Stone CD." * "Translator? I'll just write the letter in English, then use Google Translate before I send it to them!" * "Anja's from Sweden, and Sweden's right next to Finland, so she should be able to rewrite the manual in Finnish." * "Of course the savage languages are going to be endangered. They can't express civilized concepts!" --- <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/comeatmebro.jpg" alt="comeatmebro.jpg The image shows a tamandua, also known as an anteater, standing upright on its hind legs in a grassy field. The tamandua has a long snout and is holding one of its front paws up in the air. Its body appears to be covered with short fur that is a mix of brown and gray tones. The background consists of a wide expanse of green grass, suggesting an open field or savanna-like environment. There are some trees visible in the distance, indicating that this might not be deep within a forest but rather on the edge where there's more open space. Overlaid text appears at the top and bottom of the image. At the top, it reads COME AT ME in bold white letters against a semi-transparent black background. Below the tamandua, larger text says BRO, also in bold white but with a thicker font size for emphasis. The watermark memegenerator.net is visible at the bottom right corner of the image. The tamandua's posture and the text suggest that this image has been edited to create a humorous or confrontational meme. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### You're going to be more sympathetic to non-Native speakers of English * Because seriously, English, go home, you're drunk. --- ### ... and you'll be kinder to yourself when you screw up another language * Because that language is drunk too. --- ... but most importantly of all... --- You understand that even though people around the world all use it differently... * # Language is magic --- ### Go be wizards! * <img class="r-stretch big" src="humorimg/wizardcat.jpg" alt="wizardcat.jpg The image features a fluffy white cat wearing a wizard's hat with blue and gold accents. The hat has a pointed top and is adorned with stars and swirls. The cat appears to be sitting inside a pet carrier that is primarily blue with red, green, and black plaid patterns. The background includes blurred elements of what seems to be indoor furniture or decor, possibly wooden in color. The cat's fur looks soft and well-groomed, and its expression is calm but slightly grumpy, as it has closed eyes and a relaxed mouth. The whiskers are prominent and white, extending outward from the sides of its face. The overall scene suggests that this might be at an event or gathering where pets are dressed up in costumes for fun. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <huge>Thank you very much!</huge> ---