<img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/whichbeer_ipa.jpg" alt="whichbeeripa.jpg The user wants a detailed description of the provided image for a blind student. The image is a two-panel meme featuring two men at a bar. Panel 1 (Top): - Setting: A bar or pub. There are shelves in the background filled with bottles, likely wine or liquor. On the counter, there's a metal shaker, a glass carafe, and some fruit (an orange and a lime/lemon). - Characters: - Left: A younger man, presumably a bartender. He has short dark hair, is wearing a white shirt with a black vest and tie. He is smiling and looking at the other man. His hands are resting on the bar counter near the shaker. - Right: An older man, presumably a customer. He has grey/white hair, is wearing a dark suit jacket, white shirt, and striped tie. He is leaning forward with his hand near his mouth/chin, looking at the bartender. - Text: Two speech bubbles. - Left bubble (from bartender): Which beer would you like? - Right bubble (from customer): IPA, please Panel 2 (Bottom): - Setting: Same as above. The background and objects are identical. - Characters: Same two men in the same positions. - Text: One speech bubble coming from the bartender on the left. The text is mirrored/reversed. It reads wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? which corresponds to Which beer would you like? but flipped horizontally. Wait, let me look closer at the text in the second panel. - The text is actually: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not quite right. Let's transcribe it carefully. - Top line of bubble: wɹᴉʃ (mirrored Which) - Middle line: ƀeɛ (mirrored beer) - Bottom line: wʊd juː lIʞ? (mirrored would you like?) - Actually, looking very closely at the second panel's text bubble, it says: - Line 1: wɹᴉʃ (Which mirrored) - Line 2: ƀeɛ (beer mirrored) - Line 3: wʊd juː lIʞ? (would you like? mirrored) - Wait, let me re-examine the text in the second panel. It looks like wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right either. Let's look at the letters. - The text is: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? -> This is Which beer would you like? mirrored. - Wait, looking even closer at crop 4 and 5... The text in the second panel is actually: - Line 1: wɹᴉʃ (mirrored Which) - Line 2: ƀeɛ (mirrored beer) - Line 3: wʊd juː lIʞ? (mirrored would you like?) - Actually, let me look at the full image again. The text in the second panel is wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right. - Let's look at the letters individually. - Top line: w r I s h (mirrored) -> Which - Middle line: b e e r (mirrored) -> beer - Bottom line: w o d j u l i k ? (mirrored) -> would you like? - Wait, the text in the second panel is actually wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No. - Let's look at the provided crops. Crop 4 shows the text clearly. It says: - Line 1: wɹᴉʃ (mirrored Which) - Line 2: ƀeɛ (mirrored beer) - Line 3: wʊd juː lIʞ? (mirrored would you like?) - Actually, looking at the text in the second panel again... it says wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No. - Let's try to read it as if I'm holding a mirror up to it. - The letters are: w, r (mirrored), I, s (mirrored), h (mirrored). That spells Which. - Next line: b (mirrored), e (mirrored), e (mirrored), r (mirrored). That spells beer. - Next line: w, o (mirrored), d, j, u (mirrored), l, I (mirrored), k (mirrored), ?. That spells would you like?. - Wait, the text in the second panel is actually just the first question mirrored. The customer's response bubble is gone. - Let me re-read the text in the second panel carefully. - It says: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right. - Let's look at the letters again. - Top line: w r I s h (mirrored) -> Which - Middle line: b e e r (mirrored) -> beer - Bottom line: w o d j u l i k ? (mirrored) -> would you like? - Wait, the text in the second panel is actually wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No. - Let's look at the letters: w, r (backwards), I, s (backwards), h (backwards). That is Which. - Next line: b (backwards), e, e, r (backwards). That is beer. - Next line: w, o (backwards), d, j, u (backwards), l, I (backwards), k (backwards), ?. That is would you like?. - So the text in the second panel is a mirrored version of the first question. Wait, let me look at the image again very carefully. The text in the second panel is: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, looking at crop 4, it says: wɹᴉʃ (Which mirrored) ƀeɛ (beer mirrored) wʊd juː lIʞ? (would you like? mirrored) Wait, no. The text in the second panel is actually: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? Let me try to read it normally. It looks like wɹᴉʃ which is Which backwards. ƀeɛ which is beer backwards. wʊd juː lIʞ? which is would you like? backwards. So the joke is that the bartender is asking the same question but in a mirror image, implying he didn't hear or understand the answer IPA. Or perhaps it's just a visual gag about reading. Actually, looking at the text in the second panel again... It says: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? Wait, let me look at the letters really closely. Top line: w r I s h (mirrored) -> Which Middle line: b e e r (mirrored) -> beer Bottom line: w o d j u l i k ? (mirrored) -> would you like? Actually, looking at the text in the second panel, it says: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right. Let's look at the letters: w (normal) r (mirrored r) -> looks like a backwards r I (capital i) s (mirrored s) -> looks like an E or 5? No, it's an s mirrored. h (mirrored h) Wait, let me look at the text in the second panel again. It says: wɹᴉʃ Then below that: ƀeɛ Then below that: wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, looking at the image provided, the text in the second panel is: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right. Let me look at the letters again. Top line: w r I s h (mirrored) -> Which Middle line: b e e r (mirrored) -> beer Bottom line: w o d j u l i k ? (mirrored) -> would you like? Wait, looking at the text in the second panel... it says wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, let's look at the letters: w (normal) r (mirrored r) -> looks like a backwards r I (capital i) s (mirrored s) -> looks like an E or 5? No, it's an s mirrored. h (mirrored h) Wait, let me look at the text in the second panel again. It says: wɹᴉʃ Then below that: ƀeɛ Then below that: wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, looking at the image provided, the text in the second panel is: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right. Let me look at the letters really closely. Top line: w r I s h (mirrored) -> Which Middle line: b e e r (mirrored) -> beer Bottom line: w o d j u l i k ? (mirrored) -> would you like? Wait, looking at the text in the second panel... it says wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, let's look at the letters: w (normal) r (mirrored r) -> looks like a backwards r I (capital i) s (mirrored s) -> looks like an E or 5? No, it's an s mirrored. h (mirrored h) Wait, let me look at the text in the second panel again. It says: wɹᴉʃ Then below that: ƀeɛ Then below that: wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, looking at the image provided, the text in the second panel is: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right. Let me look at the letters really closely. Top line: w r I s h (mirrored) -> Which Middle line: b e e r (mirrored) -> beer Bottom line: w o d j u l i k ? (mirrored) -> would you like? Wait, looking at the text in the second panel... it says wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, let's look at the letters: w (normal) r (mirrored r) -> looks like a backwards r I (capital i) s (mirrored s) -> looks like an E or 5? No, it's an s mirrored. h (mirrored h) Wait, let me look at the text in the second panel again. It says: wɹᴉʃ Then below that: ƀeɛ Then below that: wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, looking at the image provided, the text in the second panel is: wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? No, that's not right. Let me look at the letters really closely. Top line: w r I s h (mirrored) -> Which Middle line: b e e r (mirrored) -> beer Bottom line: w o d j u l i k ? (mirrored) -> would you like? Wait, looking at the text in the second panel... it says wɹᴉʃ ƀeɛ wʊd juː lIʞ? Actually, let's look at the letters: w (normal) r (mirrored r) -> looks like a backwards r I (capital i) s (mirrored s) -> looks like an E or 5? No, it's an s mirrored. h (mirrored h) Wait, let me look at the text in the second panel again. It says: wɹᴉʃ Then below that This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- # Phonology and Alternations ### Will Styler - LIGN 1 --- ### Today's Plan - What is phonology? - Alternations - Am I Batman? --- ### Please note that we're going to say 'Sounds' a lot today - There's much more experience with spoken than signed language in this classroom - So, it makes sense to use spoken language examples here - Everything we're talking about applies to gestures and components within signs too! - More on that next time! --- ### So, now we know roughly what speech is like - What sounds we're using in English - How to describe them - ... and some symbols we can use to talk about sounds, not letters --- ### ... so, we should just be able to put the sounds together and we’re good, right? --- ### /ɪ/ /k/ /p/ /s/ /d/ - [skɪp] - [kɪd] - [pɪk] - [sɪp] - [dɪp] - [kɪs] --- ### ... but wait - *[ɪ] - *[k] - *[pɪ] - *[pdɪ] - *[kpsdɪdspk] --- ### /s/ is the plural marker in English, right? - [skɪps] - [pɪks] - but... - *[kɪds] - Should be [kɪdz] - *[kɪss] - Should be [kɪsɪz] --- ### Wait. So clearly the plural marker is more than just 'add an s' - There are several versions, or "allomorphs", of the plural marking chunk (the 'morpheme') - Is this just a memorized pattern? - **What would /s/ become for new words?** --- ### The Wug Test - Developed by Jean Berko Gleason --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonology/wugs.jpg" alt="wugs.jpg The image displays a page from a book or educational material set against a plain, light cream-colored background. The content is divided into two sections featuring simple drawings and text. At the top of the page, there is a drawing of a single creature colored in light blue. It has an irregular, rounded body shape with a small beak curving slightly upward on the right side. A tiny black dot serves as its eye. Two thin, stick-like legs extend from the bottom of the body. Directly beneath this illustration is the text: This is a WUG. In the lower half of the page, there are two identical blue creatures standing side-by-side. They look exactly like the single creature at the top, with light blue bodies, curved beaks facing right, black dot eyes, and thin legs. Below these two drawings is a block of text that reads: Now there is another one. There are two of them. There are two . The final line ends with an underscore indicating a blank space where a word would be written. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Now there is another one. There are two... A) [wʌgs] B) [wʌgz] C) [wʌgɪs] D) [wʌgɪz] <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### What if it was a /wʌk/? There are two... A) [wʌks] B) [wʌkz] C) [wʌkɪs] D) [wʌkɪz] <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### What if it was a /wʌʃ/? There are two... A) [wʌʃs] B) [wʌʃz] C) [wʌʃɪs] D) [wʌʃɪz] <section class="clicker"></section> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/linguist_dubstep.jpg" alt="linguistdubstep.jpg The image is a simple line drawing featuring six identical small birds standing on their two legs with three toes each. The birds are arranged in a row, facing right. Each bird has a round head with one eye and a short beak. They have a small body with no visible wings or tail feathers. In the center of the row is an elongated rectangular shape that resembles a large, simplified version of a bird's body without legs. This central figure also has two eyes and a beak but lacks feet. The text Linguist dubstep is written below the birds in a simple font. The drawing style is minimalistic with no shading or color; it uses only black lines on a white background. There are no additional details, such as numbers or other objects, within this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### How do we know this?! - ... and why are there three different versions of the plural marker in English?! --- # Phonology --- ### Phonology Phonology is the study of how sounds pattern in Language and languages --- ### Phonology is not the same thing as phonetics - Phoneticians are more concerned with the physical processes of speech - Articulation, Perception, and the cognitive processes underlying both - Phonologists are more concerned with the patterns of sound structure in different languages - How do sounds change in languages, what sounds and combinations languages consider problematic, and how we can analyze and model it --- ### You can learn about one by studying the other - ... and phonetic laboratory methods for studying phonological problems is a booming world - Phonetics 💕 Phonology --- ### ... but they are deeply different fields - Phonologists and phoneticians ask different questions - We respect each other, and often hang out, but we're not doing the same thing --- # What do I mean by 'changing sounds'? --- ### Let's think about cats, dogs, and dishes - We feel like there's a 'plural' - But it shows up in three different forms in English - [kæts] [dɑgz] [dɪʃɪz] - It feels "wrong" to swap those forms around --- ### Vowels are longer before voiced sounds - safe and save - pot and pod - puck and pug - sight and side --- ### How many Ls do you have? - 'lip' and 'pill' - [lɪp] [pɪɫ] - 'lot' and 'tall' - [lɑt] [tʰɑɫ] - When I swamp them, it's *robustly* weird - We have [l] and 'Dark' or 'Velarized' L [ɫ] --- ### /n/ responds to peer pressure - 'pine' - That's an [n] - 'pine boy' - That might be an [m] - 'pine thugs' - That might be a dentalized [n̪] - 'pine kid' - That might be a velar [ŋ] --- ### So does /m/ - 'sim' - That's an [m] - 'symphony' - That's a Labiodental /m/ [ɱ] - This is called 'Nasal Place Assimilation', and it's incredibly common --- ### Let's think about "pot" - The /p/ has 'aspiration', a puff of air, so [pʰɑt] - Now, if we add an /s/ in 'spot', we get [spɑt] - If we say 'hotpot', aspiration remains! - If we say 'tosspot', aspiration disappears! - This is old slang for a drunkard --- ### These things are language specific though - In English, /p/ ('pot') gets aspirated in many cases, and /b/ ('bot') doesn't - /p/ is aspirated, and /b/ is practically voiceless - In Spanish, /p/ ('peso') is never aspirated, and is practically voiceless - The Spanish /p/ is similar phonetically to the English /b/ - If you've ever wanted to write 'pat' for the English word 'bat', that's why! - In Spanish, /b/ ('beso') is strongly voiced - It's very much unlike the /b/ or /p/ in English - Korean has one further distinction beyond English - 풀 pul [pʰul] vs 불 bul [pul] vs 뿔 ppul [p͈ul] --- ### Here's something else from Spanish - 'beca' [beka] gets a [b], but 'cabo' [kaβo] gets a [β] - 'dar' [dar] gets [d], but 'cada' [kaða] gets [ð] - 'gato' [gato] gets [g], but 'hagas' [aɣas] gets [ɣ] --- ### When does [d] turn into [ð] in Spanish? <center> <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;} .tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;} .tg .tg-fymr{font-weight:bold;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-xldj{border-color:inherit;text-align:left} .tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <tr> <th class="tg-fymr">[d]</th> <th class="tg-fymr">Gloss</th> <th class="tg-fymr">[ð]</th> <th class="tg-fymr">Gloss</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-xldj">[daɲo]</td> <td class="tg-0lax">'damage'</td> <td class="tg-0pky">[kaða]</td> <td class="tg-xldj">'each'</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-xldj">[pared]</td> <td class="tg-0lax">'wall'</td> <td class="tg-0pky">[seða]</td> <td class="tg-xldj">'silk'</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-xldj">[red]</td> <td class="tg-0lax">'network'</td> <td class="tg-0pky">[reðes]</td> <td class="tg-xldj">'networks'</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-xldj">[dentro]</td> <td class="tg-0lax">'inside'</td> <td class="tg-0pky">[oða]</td> <td class="tg-xldj">'ode'</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0pky">[vendo]</td> <td class="tg-0lax">'I sell'</td> <td class="tg-0pky">[kaðena]</td> <td class="tg-0pky">'chain'</td> </tr> </table> </center> --- ### In Spanish, voiced stops turn into fricatives between vowels - /d/ becomes [ð] - /b/ becomes [β] - /g/ becomes [ɣ] --- ### So, sounds change when their environment changes - The plural marker varies depending on the word - /l/ changes based on its position - Nasal sounds change a lot to match the following sounds - Aspiration and voicing among stops is pretty neat - In Spanish, voiced stops and fricatives can swap --- ## Alternations --- ### When sounds change predictably, these are 'alternations' - Sounds changing when the surrounding sounds, morphemes, or words (the 'environment') change - Often, word or syllable boundaries play a role too - Often, this makes sounds more or less similar, or removes 'undesirable' sound combinations - Usually this is described in terms of *the properties of the sounds* (e.g. voice, place, manner, height, rounding) - All languages of the world exhibit alternations, each different from the next --- ### Phonologists describe these changes in a variety of ways - "We choose the form among many which does the fewest things we don't like" - Describing the constraints on language, and choosing the best option - "We're just remembering the words we've heard said before, and doing the rest from analogy" - Describe the statistical patterns, and choose the form that matches the existing data - "Let's write rules that transform the 'underlying' sounds of the words in specific situations" - Describe the rules that govern when alternations happen - **We're not going to get into this until 102 and 111** --- ### For LIGN 1, we're keeping it simple - I want you to see alternations - I want you to see the pattern that triggers them - I want you to describe that however feels best for you --- ## Describing an alternation --- ### Batman is a crime-fighting superhero - During normal times, he masquerades as a relatively normal person - When there is crime, or a threat to his city, he puts on his suit and fights the crime - He carries a variety of odd tools to help him accomplish his tasks and win the day - Let's ask a simple question... --- ### How could you tell if Will was actually Batman? --- ### What if you walk into class, and Will and Batman are chatting? - They're both happening in the same place, at the same time - *Will's probably not Batman* --- ### What if you only see Will where there's no crime, and only see Batman where there's crime - This is getting more interesting - This is sort of like [l] and [ɫ] - *There might be an alternation happening, and I just see the effects* --- ### What if crime happens while we're in class...? - If Will runs into the bathroom when crime happens and Batman emerges, then this is a *clear alternation* - Crime *transparently causes the alternation between Will and Batman to occur* --- ### Part of your job is deciding whether you're seeing alternations - ... and trying to decide what causes them --- ### Alternations are everywhere <img class="r-stretch" src="phonology/minecraft_biome_dirt.jpg" alt="minecraftbiomedirt.jpg The user wants a detailed description of an image showing various Minecraft biomes. I need to describe the layout, the specific biomes shown, their visual characteristics (colors, textures), and any text labels. The target audience is a blind student, so I need to be descriptive about colors, shapes, and spatial relationships without relying on looking or seeing. Image Analysis: - Overall Layout: It's a grid of 12 distinct square plots of land against a dark grey background. The grid is arranged in three rows. - Top row: 4 plots. - Middle row: 5 plots. Wait, let me recount. - Row 1: mushroomfields, jungle, forest, plains, swamp (5 plots). No, looking closer at the spacing... - Let's look at the labels and positions carefully. - Top Left: mushroomfields - Next to it: jungle - Next: forest - Next: plains - Far Right: swamp - So Row 1 has 5 plots. - Middle Row: - Left: birchforest - Next: ocean - Next: taiga - Next: frozenriver - Far Right: swamp (Wait, there are two swamps? Let me check the bottom right of row 2. Yes, it says swamp again but looks different or maybe just a variation. Actually, looking closely at the top right and middle right... Top right is swamp. Middle right is also labeled swamp. Wait, let me re-examine the whole grid structure.) Let's try counting columns. - Column 1: mushroomfields (top), birchforest (middle), savanna (bottom). That's 3 plots. - Column 2: jungle (top), ocean (middle), badlands (bottom). That's 3 plots. - Column 3: forest (top), taiga (middle), darkforest (bottom). That's 3 plots. - Column 4: plains (top), frozenriver (middle). That's 2 plots. - Column 5: swamp (top), swamp (middle - wait, is that a second swamp?). Let me look at the labels again. Let's re-read the labels from left to right, top to bottom. Row 1: 1. mushroomfields 2. jungle 3. forest 4. plains 5. swamp Row 2: 1. birchforest 2. ocean 3. taiga 4. frozenriver 5. swamp (This one looks distinct from the top right one, maybe a different variant or just labeled similarly). Actually, looking at the texture, the bottom right of row 2 is definitely labeled swamp. The top right is also swamp. This seems like a duplicate label or perhaps a specific sub-type not fully distinguished by text. Wait, let me look really closely at the second row, far right. It says swamp. Row 3: 1. savanna 2. badlands 3. darkforest Wait, that doesn't align perfectly into a grid. Let's look at the alignment. - Top Left: mushroomfields - Next to it: jungle - Next: forest - Next: plains - Far Right: swamp (That's 5 items in row 1). - Middle Left: birchforest - Next: ocean - Next: taiga - Next: frozenriver - Far Right: swamp (This is the second swamp). (That's 5 items in row 2). - Bottom Left: savanna - Next: badlands - Next: darkforest (That's 3 items in row 3). Wait, looking at the bottom row alignment... savanna is under birchforest. badlands is under ocean. darkforest is under taiga. So there are empty spaces under plains, frozenriver, and the second swamp? Or maybe the grid is just irregular. Let's re-evaluate the layout based on visual blocks. There appear to be 12 distinct biome samples total. Row 1: mushroomfields, jungle, forest, plains, swamp (5 samples). Row 2: birchforest, ocean, taiga, frozenriver, swamp (5 samples). Row 3: savanna, badlands, darkforest (3 samples). Total = 13? No, let's count again. Top row: mushroomfields, jungle, forest, plains, swamp. (5) Middle row: birchforest, ocean, taiga, frozenriver, swamp. (5) Bottom row: savanna, badlands, darkforest. (3) Total = 13 samples? That seems odd for a standard grid. Let me look at the image again very carefully. Ah, looking at the bottom right... darkforest is under taiga. Is there anything under frozenriver? No. Under the second swamp? No. So it's an irregular grid or I am miscounting columns. Let's try grouping by visual alignment. Column 1: mushroomfields, birchforest, savanna. Column 2: jungle, ocean, badlands. Column 3: forest, taiga, darkforest. Column 4: plains, frozenriver. Column 5: swamp (top), swamp (middle). Okay, so there are two swamp labels. One at the top right, one in the middle row far right. They look slightly different. The top one has green grass and blue water. The bottom one has brownish/muddy grass and greyish water. This suggests they might be different variants (e.g., regular swamp vs mushroom island swamp? No, mushroom fields is separate). Or maybe it's just a comparison of two swamps. Let's describe each block systematically. Each block consists of: - A label in white text at the top. - A 3D rendered square plot of land (voxels). - Usually includes a tree trunk/block on the left side. - Some grass/plants on the right side. - A patch of water (blue or grey) usually in the bottom right quadrant. Detailed Breakdown: 1. mushroomfields: Green grass, distinct green blocks (maybe mycelium? No, looks like standard grass but maybe darker?), blue water. Wait, mushroom fields usually have mycelium and red mushrooms. This image shows green blocks. It might be a mislabeled or specific texture pack version. Actually, looking closely at the block on the left... it's green with some brown spots. The ground is green. 2. jungle: Green grass, tall green plants (tall grass/reeds) on the right, blue water. The tree block looks like standard wood leaves. 3. forest: Standard green grass, blue water, tree block on left. 4. plains: Very flat green grass, blue water, some tall grass. 5. swamp (top): Greenish-brown grass, greyish water? No, looks like standard swamp colors but maybe slightly different lighting. 6. birchforest: Green grass, tree block on left (looks lighter?), blue water. 7. ocean: This one is interesting. It has a greenish tint to the grass which might be sand or shallow water texture? Or maybe it's just very light green grass. The water is blue. Wait, looking at ocean, usually ocean biomes are mostly water. Here, there is land. Maybe it's a shallow warm ocean or similar? Or perhaps the label refers to the water color? No, the label is clearly ocean. The ground looks like light green sand or grass. 8. taiga: Darker green/greyish grass (coniferous forest feel), blue water. 9. frozenriver: Very pale blue/white ground (snow/ice), dark blue/purple water. This fits frozen. 10. swamp (middle): Brown/muddy ground, grey water. This looks like a distinct swamp variant compared to the top one. 11. savanna: Yellow/brown dry grass, tree block on left (looks like acacia wood?), blue water. 12. badlands: Reddish-brown/orange dirt blocks, very little green, blue water. This fits badlands or mesa. 13. darkforest: Dark green leaves, dark ground? No, looks like standard grass but darker foliage. Blue water. Refining the Description: I need to be precise about colors and textures. - The background is a solid dark grey. - Text is white, sans-serif font, positioned above each plot. - Each plot is a square chunk of terrain viewed from an angle (isometric-ish). - Most plots feature a single large blocky tree trunk/leaves on the left side and a patch of water in the bottom right corner. Specifics per label: - mushroomfields: Green ground, green leafy block top-left, blue water. - jungle: Bright green ground, tall grass blades on the right, blue water. - forest: Medium green ground, standard tree block left, blue water. - plains: Light green flat ground, some tall grass, blue water. - swamp (top): Greenish-brown ground, greyish water? Actually, looking closely at the top right swamp, the water looks slightly darker/greyer than the others. - birchforest: Green ground, tree block left, blue water. - ocean: Light green/yellowish ground (sand?), blue water. Wait, is it sand? It looks like light green grass but maybe warm ocean floor? Or just a specific texture. Let's describe the color: pale yellow-green. - taiga: Darker, grey-green ground, blue water. - frozenriver: Pale blue/white ground (snow), dark purple/blue water. - swamp (middle): Brown/muddy ground, greyish water. - savanna: Yellow/tan dry grass, tree block left, blue water. - badlands: Reddish-brown/orange dirt blocks, sparse green plants, blue water. - darkforest: Dark green foliage on the tree, standard green ground, blue water. Structure of the response: 1. Overview: A grid of Minecraft biome samples against a dark grey background. 2. Layout description: Rows and columns. 3. Detailed walkthrough of each sample, reading left-to-right, top-to-bottom. 4. Mentioning the recurring elements (tree block, water patch). Let's double check the ocean label. In Minecraft, ocean biomes are mostly water. This plot shows land. It might be a specific type like warm ocean which has sand and coral, but here it looks like grass/sand mix. I will describe what is visible: light yellowish-green ground texture. Let's double check the two swamp labels. Top right: Greenish ground, blue/grey water. Middle right (far right of row 2): Brown/muddy ground, grey water. This confirms they are distinct visual samples labeled identically or perhaps one is a specific variant not fully distinguished by text in this specific image context (maybe swamp vs mushroom island swamp? No, mushroom fields is separate). I will just describe them as two separate plots both labeled swamp. Wait, looking at the very bottom right... is there a 4th column? Row 1: mushroomfields, jungle, forest, plains, swamp. (5 items) Row 2: birchforest, ocean, taiga, frozenriver, swamp. (5 items) Row 3: savanna, badlands, darkforest. (3 items) Total 13 items? Let's look at the spacing again. Top row: mushroomfields, jungle, forest, plains, swamp. Middle row: birchforest, ocean, taiga, frozenriver, swamp. Bottom row: savanna, badlands, darkforest. Actually, looking at the alignment of darkforest, it is under taiga. badlands is under ocean. savanna is under birchforest. So columns 4 and 5 have no bottom row items. This creates a grid that is 3 rows high, but the bottom row only has 3 items on the left side. Let's write the description clearly. Drafting the text: The image displays a collection of thirteen distinct square plots of land, arranged in three rows against a solid dark grey background. These appear to be samples from the video game Minecraft, showcasing different biomes. Each plot is labeled with white text at the top. Row 1 (Left to Right): 1. mushroomfields: Shows green grass and a blocky tree structure on the left. A square of blue water is in the bottom right corner. 2. jungle: Features bright green grass, tall blades of grass or reeds on the right side, and a patch of blue water. 3. forest: Displays standard green grass with a tree block on the left and blue water. 4. plains: Shows flat, light green grass with some taller grass tufts and blue water. 5. swamp: Located at the far right. It has greenish-brown ground and a patch of water that appears slightly greyer or darker than the others. Row 2 (Left to Right): 1. birchforest: Green grass with a tree block on the left and blue water. 2. ocean: This plot has light yellowish-green ground, possibly representing sand or shallow water texture, with blue water in the corner. 3. taiga: Shows darker, grey-green grass, suggesting a coniferous forest environment, with blue water. 4. frozenriver: Distinctly pale blue and white ground, indicating snow or ice. The water is a deep purple-blue color. 5. swamp: Located at the far right. This plot has brown, muddy-looking ground and greyish water, distinct from the swamp in the top row. Row 3 (Left to Right): 1. savanna: Features yellow and tan dry grass, a tree block on the left, and blue water. 2. badlands: Shows reddish-brown and orange dirt blocks with sparse vegetation and blue water. 3. darkforest: Displays dark green foliage on the tree structure and standard green ground with blue water. Each plot generally features a large blocky object representing a tree or bush on the left side and a square patch of water in the bottom right corner, allowing for comparison between the different environments. The text labels are white and clearly legible above each This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Let's see if we can find the cause of English Aspiration <center> <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;} .tg .tg-xldj{border-color:inherit;text-align:left} .tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <tr> <td class="tg-0pky">wʌt</th> <td class="tg-0pky">skɪn<br></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0pky">tʰaɹ</td> <td class="tg-0pky">spun<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0pky">pʰat<br></td> <td class="tg-0pky">spat</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0pky">ɹɛntʰɪŋ<br></td> <td class="tg-0pky">ɹɪstaɹt<br></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0pky">kʰjubə</td> <td class="tg-0pky">pʰakʰɪt</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0pky">staɹ<br></td> <td class="tg-0pky">spɪnstə˞</td> </tr> </table> </center> - /t/ /p/ and /k/ are aspirated at the start of a syllable! --- ### What's happening with /t/ and /d/ here? <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Fakodata</th> <th>English</th> <th>Fakodata</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>taʃa</td> <td>kitten</td> <td>svitat</td> <td>bird</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pladna</td> <td>tack</td> <td>padme</td> <td>princess</td> </tr> <tr> <td>midna</td> <td>companion</td> <td>tatanka</td> <td>buffalo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>redmat</td> <td>rhythm</td> <td>krita</td> <td>painter</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sitka</td> <td>tree</td> <td>gjatzo</td> <td>ocean</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> - /t/ is becoming /d/ before /m/ and /n/ ('before nasal sounds') --- ### There's more to phonology than alternations - We'll talk about some of it next time - Alternations help us see the grammar of sounds in language - Which is why we're focused here for LIGN-001 - We get to ask these questions for *every language*! --- ### Wrapping up - Phonology is the study of how sounds and gestures pattern in language - Alternations are when sounds or gestures change in response to other changes - Will *may* be Batman --- ### Next time - Some other interesting aspects of the grammar of sound! --- <huge>Thank you!</huge>