title: Derivational Morphology author: Dr. Will Styler - LIGN 120 --- \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ling_memes/trill_sergeant.jpg} --- \titlepage ## A quick note! - I'm trying new presentation software - Here goes nothing! - Only a PDF will be available for today's lecture ## Since Will's battling some microbe or another - Please give your answers to the clicker questions in the discussion thread on Canvas titled 'Clicker and Discussion Questions for Monday May 5th' --- \Large{\textbf{Today's Plan}} \small{\tableofcontents[hideallsubsections]} # Derivation vs. Compounding ## Compounding - The combination of two free morphemes to produce a new lexeme - Backpack, Throughput, Facebook, Smalltalk, Sleepwalk ## Derivation combines a bound morpheme with a free one - Back-pack vs. Pack-er, Small-talk vs. Talk-ative, sleep-walk vs. sleep-y-ness ## We'll talk about compounding later on this quarter - ... but today we'll focus on other kinds of Derivation - Hope this wasn't a letdown # Derivation by Category Change ## Derivation *often* changes the lexical category of words - "Hmm, I have this verbal meaning, but I need it as an adjective" ## A note on de- - When derivation changes the lexical category, we mark that shift with de- - 'Deverbal' forms were verbs ('extraction') - 'Denominal' forms were nouns ('to chauffer') ## Nominal Derivations ## A note on 'Nominal' - "Nominal" means "Pertaining to nouns" - Mostly because "Nouny" isn't a thing - (This is a derivational suffix!) ## Nominalization - Changing lexical categories to nouns ## Some deadjectival Nouns - **De-Adjectival Quality Nouns**: Thoroughness, Grandiosity - **Person Nouns**: Smarty, Dummy, Cutie - **DeState Nouns:** Happiness, Sadness, Nerdiness ## Some deverbal Nouns - Agent Nominalization - Infector, Driver, Computer, Gardener - Patient Nominalizations - Detainee, Retiree, Defenestratee - Instrument Nominalization (Action to Instrument) - Grinder, Planer, Shooter, Retainer - Product Nominalization (Action to Product) - Scratch, Break, Purchase, Convert - Abstract Nominalization - Deliverance, Reflectance, Hydration ## The meanings can be unpredictable - "John works at Art of Espresso. He's a coffee grinder." - "Mark has retired three times now. He's a serial retirer." - "I just downloaded a new YouTube app. It's a great YouTuber." - "Mark builds armor, he's an armorer. Steven builds hooks, he's a ..." ## There are big holes in these paradigms! \begin{table}[] \small \begin{tabular}{lllll} & \textbf{Conv.} & \textbf{Stress} & \textbf{-er} & \textbf{-ee} \\ \textbf{infect} & in'fect & 'infect & infector & infectee \\ \textbf{retire} & re'tire & 'retire & retirerer & retiree \\ \textbf{detain} & de'tain & 'detain & detainer & detainee \\ \textbf{grind} & grind & N/A & grinder & grindee \\ \textbf{scratch} & scratch & N/A & scratcher & scratchee \\ \textbf{produce} & pro'duce & 'produce & producer & producee \end{tabular} \end{table} ## Paradigmatic Holes, Continued \begin{table}[] \small \begin{tabular}{llll} & \textbf{-ion} & \textbf{-ure} & \textbf{-ing} \\ \textbf{infect} & infection & infecture & infecting \\ \textbf{retire} & retiration & retirure & retiring \\ \textbf{detain} & detention & detenture & detaining \\ \textbf{grind} & grindtion & grindure & grinding \\ \textbf{scratch} & scratchion & scratchure & scratching \\ \textbf{produce} & production & producure & producing \end{tabular} \end{table} ## Adjectival Derivations ## Some Adjective Derivations - **Denominal Adjectives** - Waterless, Computational, Linguistic, Academic, Recreational, Shoe-al? - **Deverbal Adjectives** - Pronounceable, Readable, Edible, Typeable ## Verbal Derivations - **Resultatives** - Victimize, Summarize, Theorize - **Locative Verbs** - Hospitalize, Institutionalize, Jail, School - **Instrumental Verbs** - Hammer, Screw, Water, Anodize - **Ornative Verbs** - To paper, rubberize, salt, gild - **Ablative Verbs** - Shell, behead, stem ## Verbal Derivations Continued - **Tricky Denominals** - Glorify, Deify, Anodize - **Deadjectival Verbs** - Flatten, Smoothen, Finalize, Clarify, Sharpen, Enrich ## Adverbial Derivations - Not all adverbs are derived - e.g. tomorrow, then, only - Some are denominal - e.g. width-wise, step-wise, homeward, schoolward - Deadjectival is very common - e.g. quickly, dumbly, amazedly, slowly ## The word 'dethroner' is... A - Deverbal B - Denominal C - Deadjectival D - Deadverbial E - Dethronal **Click in!** ## The word 'computering' is... A - Deverbal B - Denominal C - Deadjectival D - Deadverbial E - Dethronal **Click in!** ## ... but not all derivation involves changes in lexical categories # Derivations within a lexical category ## Deriving Nouns from Nouns - **Status Nouns** - adulthood, childhood, studenthood, cathood - **Inhabitant Nouns** - Californian, Coloradan, German, Massachusettian? - **Gendered Nouns** - Heir -> Heiress, Steward -> Stewardess ## Deriving Adjectives from other adjectives - **Opposites** - unhealthy, unwell, unattractive, unpopular - **Intensives** - Cute, Ubercute, Supercute, Megacute, Cuteacular - **Attenuatives** - Nice, Niceish, Good-to-fair ## Deriving Verbs from other verbs - **Repetitive Verbs** - remake, redo, recast - **Reversive Verbs** - unmake, undo, uncast, unbreak - **Preposition-containing Verbs** - undercut, encircle, uplift, overkill ## There are many, many more derivational processes - ... with new ones arriving every day! # New Derivational Affixes ## New affixes can enter the language! - Techno- (from 'Technology') - Techno-geek, Technophile, Technofetishist - Cyber- (from 'Cybernetics') - Cyber, Cybergoth, Cybersecurity, Cyberattack, Cyberterrorism - i- - iMac, iBook, iPhone, iOS, iPad, iClicker, iRepair, iFixIt - -gate - Watergate, Monicagate, Gamergate, Emailgate, Russiagate, Bridgegate # Let's find some affixes! ## In small groups... - Describe as many derivational affixes as you can, providing: - The affix (its form) - Its meaning or function - Three words it *can* attach to - Three words it *cannot* attach to ## Wrapping Up - Derivational morphology often changes lexical categories - There are within-category derivations - New derivational affixes do happen - Reanalysis is another common source of these affixes ## For Next Time - Matt's going to talk about his work - Then, we'll be productive --- \Huge Thank you!