### If you'd like a Textbook to reference, David Odden's "Introducing Phonology" (ISBN 978-1107627970) is a great choice ### All homeworks are now due on Fridays (starting with HW1 next week) The syllabus has been updated ## Grab an IPA/Features Handout by the door! --- ### All Office Hours are now set - Will: Wednesday **10:00-11:00am**, Friday 1:15-2:30pm, AP&M 4151 - Kati: Monday 10:00-11:00am, AP&M 4432 - Michael: Friday 12-1pm, AP&M 3351A --- # Phonetics in Review ### Will Styler - LIGN 111 --- ### Today's Plan - Reviewing the IPA and other speech concepts - General Phonetic Concepts for phonology - Phonetics and Naturalness --- ## How do we describe how speech sounds are made? --- ### We break the world into two kinds of speech sounds - **Consonants:** Constrict, obstruct, or divert air in the vocal tract when being produced - **Vowels:** Shape the (unobstructed) vocal tract to change the sound emitted --- ## Describing Consonants --- ### Three steps to describing Consonants * We need to know three things: * **Place**: Where is the sound made? * **Manner**: What are we doing there? * **Voicing**: Are we making voicing? --- <img class="r-stretch wide" src="phonmedia/ipa_consonants.jpg" alt="ipaconsonants.jpg The image is a chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005). It provides a detailed representation of consonants and vowels used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The chart is divided into sections, with each section representing different types of sounds produced by the human vocal tract. Consonants (PULMONIC) The consonant section is further divided into rows based on the manner of articulation: - Bilabial: Sounds made using both lips. - Examples: /p/, /b/ - Labiodental: Sounds made with the lower lip and upper teeth. - Example: /f/ - Dental: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the upper front teeth. - Example: /t/, /d/ - Alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (the bony prominence behind the upper front teeth). - Examples: /n/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t/, /d/, /θ/, /ð/ - Post-alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against a point slightly further back than alveolar. - Example: /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - Palatal: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the hard palate (the roof of the mouth). - Examples: /c/, /ɟ/, /ç/, /ʝ/, /χ/, /ʁ/ - Velar: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against the soft palate. - Examples: /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/, /j/, /ɰ/ - Uvular: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula (the fleshy part at the back of the throat). - Example: /q/ - Pharyngeal: Sounds made in the pharynx, behind the soft palate. - Examples: /ħ/, /ʕ/ - Glottal: Sounds made with vibrations from the vocal cords. - Examples: /ʔ/ Vowels The vowel section is not fully visible or detailed in this description. It typically includes a chart showing different positions of the tongue and lips to produce various vowel sounds. Additional Notes: - The chart also indicates which symbols are voiced consonants (the one on the right represents a voiced version). - Some articulations are marked as judged impossible with shading. - The copyright notice at the bottom reads: © 2005 IPA. This chart is an essential tool for linguists, phoneticians, and students of languages to understand and represent sounds accurately. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Can't figure out where in the mouth that is? Ask [Sammy the Interactive Sagittal Section](http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/)! --- ### So, that's consonants. --- ## Vowels! --- ### Vowels are created by shaping your vocal tract * A vowel is voicing passing through (and resonating in) an unobstructed vocal tract! * If we change the position of the tongue, we change the resonances --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/voweltongue.png" alt="voweltongue.png The image is a diagram illustrating the positions of the tongue for different vowel sounds in speech. The diagram shows a side view of the human head with an emphasis on the mouth and throat area. The tongue's position relative to the palate (the roof of the mouth) is highlighted, indicating how it changes shape and position to produce various vowel sounds. The diagram includes labels for four different vowels: i, e, ɛ, and a. Each label corresponds to a specific line that shows where the tongue should be placed in your mouth when pronouncing these vowels. The lines are color-coded, with each vowel having its own distinct color: - i is represented by a red line. - e is shown as a blue line. - ɛ is depicted using a green line. - a is indicated by a purple line. The diagram also includes small dots on the tongue to show where it should be placed for each vowel sound. The i position shows the tongue positioned high in the mouth, close to the palate, which is typical for front and high vowels like /ɪ/. For e, the tongue is shown lower than for i, but still relatively high, closer to the middle of the mouth. The ɛ vowel has a slightly more open position compared to e, with the tongue positioned further back in the mouth. This is characteristic of front and mid vowels like /ɛ/. Finally, the a vowel shows the tongue at its lowest point, close to the throat, which is typical for back and low vowels such as /ɑː/ or /a/. The diagram provides a clear visual guide on how the position of the tongue changes when pronouncing different vowels. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Vowels are different from consonants - They're always* voiced - They can (and do) occur on their own. I. - We describe vowels using different characteristics --- ### Describing Vowels - For vowels, we talk about three additional dimensions - 1) Where is the tongue in terms of height? - (High, Low, or Mid) - Also "Closed, Open, or Mid" - 2) Where is the tongue in terms of horizontal space? - (Front, Central, or Back) - 3) Are your lips rounded or not? --- ### The IPA Vowel Chart <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_vowels.jpg" alt="ipavowels.jpg The image is a phonetic chart that illustrates the distribution of vowels based on their frontness, backness, and openness. It's organized into four rows representing different degrees of openness: Close at the top, followed by Close-mid, Open-mid, and Open at the bottom. - Close: This row includes two pairs of symbols: - The first pair is 'i' (front) on the left and 'y' (back) on the right. - The second pair is 'u' (front) on the left and 'w' (back) on the right. These are rounded vowels, as indicated by the note at the bottom of the chart. - Close-mid: This row includes two pairs: - The first pair is 'e' (front) on the left and 'ø' (central) on the right. - The second pair is 'o' (front) on the left and 'u' (back) on the right. Again, these are rounded vowels. - Open-mid: This row includes two pairs: - The first pair is 'æ' (front) on the left and 'θ' (central) on the right. - The second pair is 'ɔ' (front) on the left and 'ʊ' (back) on the right. These are also rounded vowels. - Open: This row includes two pairs: - The first pair is 'a' (front) on the left and 'æ' (central) on the right. - The second pair is 'ɑ' (front) on the left and 'ɒ' (back) on the right. These are rounded vowels. The chart also has labels at the top indicating the frontness of the vowels, with 'Front' on the left and 'Back' on the right. In between these two extremes, there's a label for 'Central'. The vertical axis represents openness from 'Close' at the top to 'Open' at the bottom. The chart is designed to help linguists or students understand how different sounds are produced in terms of their articulatory features: frontness (where the tongue is positioned relative to the hard palate), backness, and openness. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_vowels_in_head.jpg" alt="ipavowelsinhead.jpg The image depicts a diagram illustrating the vowel space of the English language, which is used in phonetics and linguistics to show how different vowels are pronounced by the position of the tongue and lips. The diagram shows the front-back dimension on one axis and the high-low dimension on another. - Front-Back Dimension: This horizontal line represents where the tongue is positioned relative to the back or front of the mouth. - On the left side, labeled Front, we see vowels that are pronounced with a more forward position of the tongue. Examples include /i/ (as in see), /ɪ/ (as in sit), and /æ/ (as in cat). - On the right side, labeled Back, we see vowels that are pronounced with a more rearward position of the tongue. Examples include /ɑː/ (as in father) and /ɒ/ (as in cot). - High-Low Dimension: This vertical line represents how high or low the tongue is positioned relative to the roof of the mouth. - At the top, labeled High, we see vowels that are pronounced with a higher position of the tongue. Examples include /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ (as in boot). - At the bottom, labeled Low, we see vowels that are pronounced with a lower position of the tongue. Examples include /ɑː/ and /ɒ/. The diagram includes specific vowel symbols used to represent these sounds: - Front High: /i/ - Front Mid: /ɪ/ - Front Low: /æ/ - Back High: /ʊ/ - Back Mid: /ɔː/ - Back Low: /ɑː/ These vowels are plotted on the diagram, showing their relative positions in terms of front-back and high-low dimensions. The diagram is a useful tool for understanding how different sounds are produced by varying the position of the tongue and lips. This image does not contain any people or characters; it focuses solely on phonetic representations of vowel sounds. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch wide" src="phonmedia/ipa_vowels_with_tongue.jpg" alt="ipavowelswithtongue.jpg The image is a diagram that appears to be related to phonetics, specifically vowel sounds in English. It includes two main sections: a chart on the left and illustrations of mouth positions for different vowels on the right. Left Section: - The left section shows a chart with various symbols representing different vowel sounds. - There are horizontal lines labeled i, e, æ, ə, ɜ, ɑ, ɒ, ɔ, ʊ, and u. - These lines represent the front-to-back position of the tongue in relation to the palate (the roof of the mouth). - Vertically, there are labels indicating different degrees of openness: id, i, iid, etc., which correspond to how far apart the lips might be. - The chart is divided into two main groups: - Front Vowels: These include sounds like /ɪ/ (as in bit), /e/ (as in bet), and /æ/ (as in cat). - Back Vowels: These include sounds like /ɑː/ (as in father), /ɒ/ (as in cot), and /ʊ/ (as in put). Right Section: - The right section contains four illustrations of the mouth showing different vowel positions. - Each illustration is labeled with a phonetic symbol: /i/, /u/, /æ/, and /ɑː/. - These labels correspond to the sounds represented by the symbols on the left chart. Detailed Descriptions for the Mouth Illustrations: 1. /i/ (as in bit): - The lips are rounded. - The tongue is positioned high in the mouth, close to the palate. - The front of the tongue is raised towards the top front part of the mouth. 2. /u/ (as in put): - The lips are rounded and spread apart slightly. - The tongue is positioned low in the back of the mouth, near the soft palate. - The front of the tongue is not raised much above the bottom teeth. 3. /æ/ (as in cat): - The lips are relaxed and spread apart. - The tongue is low in the mouth with a slight forward position. - The front part of the tongue is slightly raised, but it does not touch the top front part of the mouth. 4. /ɑː/ (as in father): - The lips are rounded and spread apart. - The tongue is positioned low in the back of the mouth near the soft palate. - The front of the tongue is slightly raised, but it does not touch the top front part of the mouth. Summary: The image provides a visual guide to understanding vowel sounds by showing both their phonetic symbols and corresponding mouth positions. It helps learners visualize how different vowels are produced in terms of tongue position and lip shape. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Diphthongs - Vowels where the tongue moves through the mouth - Start at one vowel, move to another vowel - Things like “boy” (/ɔj/), “buy” (/aj/), “bay” (/ej/), “boat” (/ow/), “cow” (/aw/) - Others are monophthongs --- ### 'Other Symbols' <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_other.jpg" alt="ipaother.jpg The image displays a chart titled OTHER SYMBOLS, which is part of a larger linguistic or phonetic reference guide. This chart lists various symbols used in phonetics and their corresponding descriptions. Layout: - The chart is divided into two columns. - Each row contains a symbol on the left, followed by its description on the right. Symbols and Descriptions: 1. Symbol: Λ - Description: Voiceless labial-velar fricative - This symbol represents a sound produced with the lips close together but not touching (labial) and the back of the tongue near the soft palate (velar). 2. Symbol: W - Description: Voiced labial-velar approximant - This symbol indicates a sound made by bringing the lips close to each other without complete closure, allowing air to pass through. 3. Symbol: η - Description: Voiceless epiglottal fricative - This symbol represents a sound produced with the epiglottis (a flap of tissue at the back of the throat) partially closed and air passing between it and the vocal cords, creating friction. 4. Symbol: H - Description: Voiced labial-palatal approximant - This symbol signifies a sound made by bringing the lips close to each other but not touching (labial), with the tongue positioned near the hard palate (palatal). 5. Symbol: Σ - Description: Voiceless epiglottal plosive - This symbol represents a sound produced by closing and then quickly opening the vocal cords, creating an explosive release of air. 6. Symbol: 2 - Description: Epiglottal plosive - This symbol indicates a sound made with the epiglottis partially closed, followed by a quick release of air when the epiglottis opens. 7. Symbol: ζ - Description: Alveolo-palatal fricative - This symbol represents a sound produced with the tongue positioned near the hard palate (palatal) and the tip of the tongue against or very close to the alveolar ridge (the front part of the roof of the mouth). 8. Symbol: ι - Description: Voiced alveolar lateral flap - This symbol indicates a sound made by tapping the side of the tongue against the alveolar ridge with air passing over it. 9. Symbol: 3 - Description: Simultaneous ∫ and X - This symbol represents a combination where two sounds are produced simultaneously, indicated by the symbols ∫ (alveolar lateral flap) and X (a sound made with the tongue positioned near the hard palate). Additional Notes: - The chart provides clear descriptions for each phonetic symbol. - It is useful for students studying linguistics or phonetics to understand different types of sounds produced in human speech. This detailed description should help a student who is blind navigate and understand the content of the image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Non-Pulmonics <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_nonpulmonics.jpg" alt="ipanonpulmonics.jpg The image is a chart that categorizes consonants based on their production method into three main groups: clicks, voiced implosives, and ejectives. The chart is titled CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) indicating it focuses on consonant sounds produced without the use of air from the lungs. Clicks: - Bilabial: Represented by a circle symbol (O). - Dental: Represented by an exclamation mark (!). - (Post)alveolar: Represented by two plus signs (+ +). - Palatoalveolar: Represented by two parallel lines (||). Voiced Implosives: - Bilabial: Represented by a lowercase b. - Dental/alveolar: Represented by a lowercase d. - Palatal: Represented by a lowercase j. - Velar: Represented by a lowercase g. Ejectives: - Bilabial: Represented by an apostrophe ('). - Dental/alveolar: Represented by the letter 't'. - Velar: Represented by the letter 'k'. Additionally, there is a section at the bottom right that provides examples of ejective consonants with their corresponding symbols: - Bilabial: 'p' - Dental/alveolar: 't' - Velar: 'k' The chart uses simple and clear symbols to represent each type of consonant, making it easy for students or anyone learning about phonetics to understand the different categories. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Suprasegmentals <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_suprasegs.jpg" alt="ipasuprasegs.jpg The image displays a chart titled SUPRASEGMENTALS, which is used in phonetics to indicate various suprasegmental features of speech sounds. These features are not represented by individual letters like vowels and consonants but rather by symbols that represent the duration, stress, and other qualities of syllables. Here's a detailed description: 1. Primary Stress: Indicated by an apostrophe (‘) followed by a letter representing the stressed syllable. - Example: 'founə'tɪʃən' has primary stress on the first syllable fo and secondary stress on the third syllable ti. 2. Secondary Stress: Indicated by a colon (:) after the apostrophe, again followed by the letter representing the stressed syllable. - Example: 'founə'tɪʃən' has primary stress on the first syllable fo and secondary stress on the third syllable ti. 3. Long Syllable: Indicated by a colon (:) after an apostrophe, followed by the letter representing the long syllable. - Example: 'founə'tɪʃən' has a long syllable in the second position. 4. Half-Long Syllable: Indicated by a comma (,) after an apostrophe, followed by the letter representing the half-long syllable. - Example: 'founə'tɪʃən' has a half-long syllable in the fourth position. 5. Extra-Short Syllable: Indicated by a period (. ) after an apostrophe, followed by the letter representing the extra-short syllable. - Example: 'founə'tɪʃən' has an extra-short syllable in the fifth position. 6. Minor (Foot) Group: Indicated by two vertical lines (||), followed by a period (. ) and then the letter representing the minor group. - Example: 'founə'tɪʃən' is divided into two minor groups, with the first being fo and the second being unə'ti. 7. Major (Intonation) Group: Indicated by two vertical lines (||), followed by a period (. ) and then the letter representing the major group. - Example: 'founə'tɪʃən' is divided into one major group, which includes all syllables. 8. Syllable Break: Indicated by two periods (..) after an apostrophe, followed by the letter representing the syllable break. - Example: 'ri.aekt' has a syllable break between ri and aekt. 9. Linking (Absence of a Break): Indicated by a curved line (⌒), which is not followed by any other symbol or letter, indicating that there should be no pause in the pronunciation. - Example: 'ri.aekt' has linking without a break. The chart provides a systematic way to represent how stress and duration affect syllables within words. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Tones <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_tone.jpg" alt="ipatone.jpg The image is a chart that illustrates different tones and word accents used in a language, likely Vietnamese, given the diacritical marks on the letters 'é'. The chart is divided into two main sections: Tones and Word Accents, each with corresponding symbols and descriptions. Tones: - Level: - There are six levels of tone represented by different shapes. - Extra high (highest pitch): Represented by a straight line pointing upwards, labeled as 'é'. - High: A slightly curved line pointing upwards, labeled as 'ê'. - Mid: A horizontal line, labeled as 'é'. - Low: A downward-sloping line, labeled as 'è'. - Extra low: A very steeply sloping line downwards, labeled as 'ë'. - Downstep: A straight line with a small dip in the middle, labeled as 'ê'. - Contour: - There are four contour tones represented by arrows. - Rising: An arrow pointing upwards, labeled as 'é'. - Falling: An arrow pointing downwards, labeled as 'ê'. - Rising-falling: A combination of an upward and downward arrow, labeled as 'é'. - Global rise: An arrow pointing upwards with a small dip in the middle, labeled as 'ê'. Word Accents: - The chart also shows how these tones are applied to different vowels (é, ê) using diacritical marks. - For example, an extra high tone is indicated by a straight line above the vowel 'é'. - A high tone is shown with a slightly curved line above 'ê'. - A mid tone uses no additional mark on 'é'. - A low tone has a downward-sloping line above 'è'. - An extra low tone uses a very steeply sloping line above 'ë'. - The downstep and rising-falling tones are indicated by the same curved lines as high and mid tones, respectively. The chart is designed to help learners understand how different tones can change the meaning of words in Vietnamese. Each symbol clearly corresponds to its description, making it easy for students to identify and apply these tones correctly when writing or speaking the language. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Diacritics <img class="r-stretch wide" src="phonmedia/ipa_diacritics.jpg" alt="ipadiacritics.jpg The image is a chart that provides information about diacritics used in phonetic transcription. Diacritics are small marks added above or below letters to indicate specific sounds or articulations of speech. Layout: - The chart is organized into three main columns and several rows. - Each row represents different types of diacritical marks, such as voiceless consonants, voiced consonants, breathy voiced consonants, and so on. - The first column lists the diacritics used to modify the pronunciation of letters in a specific way. Diacritics: 1. Voiceless Consonants (e.g., /p/, /t/, /k/) 2. Voiced Consonants (e.g., /b/, /d/, /g/) 3. Breathy Voiced Consonants (e.g., /β/, /ð/, /ɣ/) 4. Aspirated Consonants (e.g., /tʰ/, /dʰ/, /kʰ/) 5. Less Rounded (e.g., /u̯/, /y̯/) 6. More Rounded (e.g., /œ̈/, /ø̈/) 7. Advanced Tongue Root (e.g., /ɑ̟/, /ɒ̟/) 8. Retracted Tongue Root (e.g., /ɑ̠/, /ɒ̠/) 9. Centralized (e.g., /æ̆/, /ɛ̆/) 10. Mid-Centralized (e.g., /œ̈̆/, /ø̈̆/) 11. Non-Syllabic (e.g., /n̩/, /t̚/) 12. Syllabic (e.g., /ɑ̃/, /ɒ̃/) 13. Rhoticity (e.g., /r̥/, /ɾ/) Symbols: - Each diacritical mark is represented by a symbol, such as a dot, line, or other small character placed above or below the letter. - For example, the symbol for Advanced Tongue Root is a small circle above the letter. Examples: - The symbol for Advanced Tongue Root (e.g., /ɑ̟/) indicates that the tongue should be positioned further back in the mouth than usual when pronouncing this sound. - The symbol for Retracted Tongue Root (e.g., /ɑ̠/) suggests a more forward position of the tongue. Additional Notes: - Some diacritical marks are used to indicate specific phonetic features like breathiness, aspiration, or rhoticity. - The chart provides a comprehensive guide to understanding how these diacritics modify the pronunciation of letters in different contexts. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### This is how phoneticians describe sounds --- ## A few phenomena meriting additional discussion --- ### Aspiration and other Laryngeal Stuff <img class="r-stretch wide" src="phonmedia/aspiration_odden.jpg" alt="aspirationodden.jpg The image is a table that appears to be from a linguistic or phonetic study. It categorizes different consonant sounds based on their manner of articulation and voicing. The table is divided into three columns: the first column lists the consonants, the second column describes the manner of articulation (e.g., unvoiced, voiced), and the third column provides additional details about the sound. Here's a detailed description: 1. Consonant Sounds: - p: Unaspirated voiceless - b: Unaspirated voiced - t: Unaspirated voiceless - d: Unaspirated voiced - k: Unaspirated voiceless - g: Unaspirated voiced - pʰ: Aspirated voiceless (marked with a superscript h) - bʱ: Aspirated voiced (marked with a superscript h) - tʰ: Aspirated voiceless (marked with a superscript h) - dʱ: Aspirated voiced (marked with a superscript h) - kʰ: Aspirated voiceless (marked with a superscript h) - gʱ: Aspirated voiced (marked with a superscript h) - pʼ: Ejective - bʼ: Ejective - tʼ: Ejective - dʼ: Ejective - kʼ: Ejective - gʼ: Ejective 2. Additional Consonants: - ɓ: Implosive (marked with a dot below the letter) The table uses superscript h to denote aspiration, which is a sound that occurs when air is forced out of the mouth more forcefully than in normal speech. The superscript ʼ denotes ejectives, where the vocal cords are suddenly stopped and then released with an explosive burst. This type of table is commonly used in phonetics or linguistics to classify sounds based on their physical properties and how they are produced by the human voice apparatus. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> <small> Thanks to Odden's Introducing Phonology</small> --- ### Nasalization <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_flesh.jpg" alt="sagittalflesh.jpg The image is a detailed anatomical illustration of the human head and neck, focusing on the structures involved in speech and swallowing. The illustration is labeled with numerous terms indicating various parts of the anatomy. Here's a breakdown: - Top Left Corner: - There are sinuses labeled as Frontal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, and Middle nasal concha. These are air-filled spaces within the skull that connect to the nose. - Top Center: - The Nasopharynx is shown, which is part of the throat behind the soft palate. It connects with the back of the nose. - Center Left: - The Soft palate, Hard palate, and Tonsils are labeled. These structures form the roof of the mouth. - Center Right: - The Epiglottis is shown, which covers the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing to prevent food from entering it. - Bottom Left: - The Larynx, also known as the voice box, is depicted. It contains structures like the vocal cords and the thyroid cartilage. - Bottom Center: - The Trachea (windpipe) extends downward from the larynx into the chest. - Bottom Right: - The Esophagus, which is part of the digestive system, connects to the stomach. It's shown running alongside the trachea and the cervical vertebrae. The illustration also includes labels for muscles such as: - Genioglossus muscle (tongue) - Mylohyoid muscle - Hyoid bone Additionally, there are labels for other structures like the Cervical vertebrae, Intervertebral disk, and parts of the skull. This image is a cross-sectional view that provides insight into how different parts of the head and neck work together to facilitate breathing, speaking, and swallowing. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Impossible Consonants <img class="r-stretch wide" src="phonmedia/ipa_consonants.jpg" alt="ipaconsonants.jpg The image is a chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005). It provides a detailed representation of consonants and vowels used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The chart is divided into sections, with each section representing different types of sounds produced by the human vocal tract. Consonants (PULMONIC) The consonant section is further divided into rows based on the manner of articulation: - Bilabial: Sounds made using both lips. - Examples: /p/, /b/ - Labiodental: Sounds made with the lower lip and upper teeth. - Example: /f/ - Dental: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the upper front teeth. - Example: /t/, /d/ - Alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (the bony prominence behind the upper front teeth). - Examples: /n/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t/, /d/, /θ/, /ð/ - Post-alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against a point slightly further back than alveolar. - Example: /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - Palatal: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the hard palate (the roof of the mouth). - Examples: /c/, /ɟ/, /ç/, /ʝ/, /χ/, /ʁ/ - Velar: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against the soft palate. - Examples: /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/, /j/, /ɰ/ - Uvular: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula (the fleshy part at the back of the throat). - Example: /q/ - Pharyngeal: Sounds made in the pharynx, behind the soft palate. - Examples: /ħ/, /ʕ/ - Glottal: Sounds made with vibrations from the vocal cords. - Examples: /ʔ/ Vowels The vowel section is not fully visible or detailed in this description. It typically includes a chart showing different positions of the tongue and lips to produce various vowel sounds. Additional Notes: - The chart also indicates which symbols are voiced consonants (the one on the right represents a voiced version). - Some articulations are marked as judged impossible with shading. - The copyright notice at the bottom reads: © 2005 IPA. This chart is an essential tool for linguists, phoneticians, and students of languages to understand and represent sounds accurately. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Impossible vowels? --- ### There are some common bits of non-standard IPA - /r/ could mean /r/ or /ɹ/ - š for /ʃ/ - ž for /ʒ/ - č for /tʃ/ - ǰ for /dʒ/ --- ### Non-Standard IPA continued - y for /j/ - ñ for /ɲ/ - Subscript dots for retroflexes - : and ː are both used for length - Numerical tone markings (e.g. bi1 vs. bi5 vs. bi15 vs. bi31) --- ### Always be on the lookout for "This symbol refers to [sound description]" --- # General Phonetic Concepts for Phonology --- ### Not all of phonology believes that it needs phonetics - Government Phonology (c.f. Kaye, Lowenstamm, and Vergnaud 1985) builds a phonology almost devoid of phonetics - Words are built from six primitives, (A), (I), (U), (ʔ), (L) and (H), which are cognitive, not acoustic or articulatory - Individual sounds are generated via licensing, and interactions among primitives --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/side_eye_chloe.jpg" alt="sideeyechloe.jpg The image shows a young child seated in a car seat inside a vehicle. The child has light blonde hair that falls over their shoulders. They are wearing a purple shirt with what appears to be a small design on the front, possibly a flower or a similar motif. The child is secured in the car seat by black harness straps that go across their chest and around their legs. The car seat itself is black with gray accents along the edges. It has a headrest that is also black, designed for safety and comfort during travel. The car seat appears to be securely attached to the vehicle's seat using a five-point harness system. In the background, you can see part of the interior of the car, including the beige-colored seats and some of the window frame. There are no visible texts or diagrams in this image that provide additional information about the scene. The focus is on the child and their immediate surroundings within the vehicle. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### (GP is fascinating, but this is the last time we'll talk about it) --- ## Phonological rules can be approached phonetically --- ### Phonology is not just 'algebra with symbols' - ♇ turns into 🜍 before ☋ - /n/ turns into /ŋ/ before /g/ --- ### Think about the articulatory space <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_flesh.jpg" alt="sagittalflesh.jpg The image is a detailed anatomical illustration of the human head and neck, focusing on the structures involved in speech and swallowing. The illustration is labeled with numerous terms indicating various parts of the anatomy. Here's a breakdown: - Top Left Corner: - There are sinuses labeled as Frontal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, and Middle nasal concha. These are air-filled spaces within the skull that connect to the nose. - Top Center: - The Nasopharynx is shown, which is part of the throat behind the soft palate. It connects with the back of the nose. - Center Left: - The Soft palate, Hard palate, and Tonsils are labeled. These structures form the roof of the mouth. - Center Right: - The Epiglottis is shown, which covers the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing to prevent food from entering it. - Bottom Left: - The Larynx, also known as the voice box, is depicted. It contains structures like the vocal cords and the thyroid cartilage. - Bottom Center: - The Trachea (windpipe) extends downward from the larynx into the chest. - Bottom Right: - The Esophagus, which is part of the digestive system, connects to the stomach. It's shown running alongside the trachea and the cervical vertebrae. The illustration also includes labels for muscles such as: - Genioglossus muscle (tongue) - Mylohyoid muscle - Hyoid bone Additionally, there are labels for other structures like the Cervical vertebrae, Intervertebral disk, and parts of the skull. This image is a cross-sectional view that provides insight into how different parts of the head and neck work together to facilitate breathing, speaking, and swallowing. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Think about concepts like coarticulation - *Why* would /k/ be fronted before /i/? --- ### Think about overlap - *Why* would /l/ become voiceless after /pʰ/ --- ### Think about perception - *Why* would adjacent spirants be undesirable? (e.g. why isn't the plural of 'kiss' /kɪss/?) --- ### Think about jaw movement - *Why* is /plʌmp/ legal while /lpʌpm/ wouldn't be? - This is called 'sonority', and is very cool --- ### Think about laziness - *Why* would an /n/ become an /m/ before /b/? --- ### Think about similarity - Are /t/, /b/ and /h/ likely to be three alternate forms of the same sound? - How do we know /ŋ/ and /h/ are different sounds in English? --- ### Much of the concept of "Naturalness" derives from articulation - /m/ often becomes /b/, seldom /k/ - Natural Classes are a phonetic concept --- ### Phonetics can have very subtle effects - Backing favors voicelessness - Geminate consonants are more likely to be voiceless - ... and voiced ones are more likely to be fronted - C.f. Ohala [Aerodynamics of Phonology](http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ohala/papers/SEOUL2-aero.pdf) - Ohala, J. J. (1997, August). Aerodynamics of phonology. In Proceedings of the Seoul International Conference on Linguistics (Vol. 92, p. 97). --- ### ... but not all phonological phenomena are phonetically intuitive - Post-nasal devoicing? - Intervocalic devoicing? - Final voicing? - p -> b and k -> g but t -> l (e.g. Lakota) - Often, this is sound change in process --- ### You can't expect all rules to make sense, phonetically - Consider it a "hint", not a rule --- ### Homework 1 will be a quick reminder of phonetic concepts with an eye towards phonology --- ### Next time... - We'll get naturally classy --- <huge>Thank you!</huge> ---