LIGN 111 - Will Styler

# Multi-Rule Analysis

### Will Styler - LIGN 111

---

### Today's Plan

- Independent Rules vs. Interacting Rules

- Creating Derivations to understand interactions

- Checking Rule ordering using derivations

- 'Feeding' vs. 'Bleeding' rule ordering

---

### Many problems can be solved with a single rule

- "What's this alternation? Oh, that. OK."

- **... but no languages just have one rule**

---

## Multiple Rules

---

### From here out, we'll be seeing a lot of multi-rule data

- ... but not all multi-rule data are alike

---

### English Aspiration and V Lengthening

<center>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-xldj">wʌt</th>
    <th class="tg-0pky">kʰɪ:n<br></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">tʰa:ɹ</td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">spu:n<br></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">pʰat<br></td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">spat</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">ɹɛ:ntʰɪ:ŋ<br></td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">ɹɪsta:ɹt<br></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">kʰju:bə</td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">pʰakʰɪt</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">sta:ɹ<br></td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">spɪ:nstə˞</td>
  </tr>
  </table>
</center>

---

### English Aspiration and Approximant Devoicing

<center>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-0pky">skɹu</th>
    <th class="tg-0pky">splæt</th>
    <th class="tg-0pky">stɹɪp</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0lax">skut</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">spæt</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">stɪk</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">kʰɹ̥u</td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">pʰl̥æt</td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">tʰɹ̥ɪp</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">kʰul</td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">pʰæt</td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">tʰɪp</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0pky">gɹu</td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">bæt<br></td>
    <td class="tg-0pky">dɪp</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-0lax">ɹut</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">læs</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">ɹɪp<br></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>
---

### Aspiration and Vowel Length

- [-cont,-voice] -> [+spread glottis] / .__

- V -> V: / __[+voice]

- **These rules co-occur, but they don't interact!**

---

### Aspiration and Approximant Devoicing

- [-cont,-voice] -> [+spread glottis] / .__

- [+son,+cons] -> [-voice] / [+cons, +spread glottis]__

- The aspiration rule is *creating an environment for devoicing to occur!*

- The aspiration rule is *feeding* the devoicing rule!

- **These rules interact!**

---

## Interacting Rules

---

### Interacting rules

- These rules affect *the same segments or features* in a *similar context*

- These rules are ordered (e.g. one *must* apply before another)

- One rule *creates* or *removes* an opportunity for a later rule to apply

- Forms are *derived* through a series of rule applications

---

### Let's talk about derivations

- Derivations are a way of showing how multiple rules are ordered

- ... and visualizing the consequences of the ordering

---

### English Aspiration and Approximant Devoicing

### Aspiration and Approximant Devoicing

[-cont,-voice] -> [+spread glottis] / .__

[+son,+cons] -> [-voice] / [+cons, +spread glottis]__

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing Derivation (Step 1)

</table>
</center>

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing Derivation (Step 2)

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing Derivation (Step 3)

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-1wig">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/plæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/splæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/pæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/læs/</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Aspiration</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰlæt |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰæt | </td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Approx. Devoicing</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰl̥æt |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing Derivation (Final)

---

### Derivations have...

- The /Underlying form/ for the word on the top

- The [Surface form] at the bottom

- One additional row per named interacting rule

- Each cell filled in either with the new form, or a '--' to indicate it doesn't apply

---

### We're going to want *lots* of derivations from you

- Any time you have interacting rules, give derivations

- Derive examples of forms which...

- Show the alternations
    
    - Show *no* alternations
    
    - Demonstrate why the ordering is what it is
    
    - Demonstrate why the ordering couldn't be otherwise
    
    - Feel 'weird'
    
- No need for derivations for single (or non-interacting) rules
    
---

### Always give us derivations of forms that explain why the rules are ordered as they are

---

### Why do we make derivations?

- To explain your analysis to others

- To make clear the steps of the process

- **To help you think through the problems!**

---

### Always try to change your ordering around if something isn't working!

- Let's try the other ordering!

---

### Aspiration and Approximant Devoicing

[-cont,-voice] -> [+spread glottis] / .__

[+son,+cons] -> [-voice] / [+cons, +spread glottis]__

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing INCORRECT

</table>
</center>

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing INCORRECT

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing INCORRECT

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-1wig">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/plæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/splæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/pæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/læs/</th>
  </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Approx. Devoicing</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>--</danger></td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Aspiration</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰlæt |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰæt | </td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing INCORRECT

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-1wig">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/plæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/splæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/pæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/læs/</th>
  </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Approx. Devoicing</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>--</danger></td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Aspiration</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰlæt |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰæt | </td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Surface Form</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>[pʰlæt]</danger></td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[splæt]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[pʰæt]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[læs]</td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>

---

###  Aspiration and Approx. Devoicing Derivation (Final)

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-1wig">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/plæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/splæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/pæt/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/læs/</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Aspiration</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰlæt |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| pʰæt | </td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Approx. Devoicing</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><correct>| pʰl̥æt |</correct></td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Surface Form</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><correct>[pʰl̥æt]</correct></td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[splæt]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[pʰæt]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[læs]</td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>

---

### Ordering Approximant Devoicing first breaks things!

- Aspiration *needs* to come first

- Aspiration *feeds* the approximant devoicing rule

- The derivation lets us see where things went wrong

---

### Let's try this again

- You should always provide examples, plural.

---

## The English Plural

---

### Our previous analysis

/s/ -> [z] / [C +voice]__

/s/ -> [ɪz] / [strident C]__

/s/ -> [s] / Elsewhere

---

### We can do better, with interacting rules

- Assume that the plural is underlyingly /z/
    
- **Voicing Assimilation:** [-son] -> [-voice] / [-voice]__#

- **Vowel Epenthesis:** ∅ -> [-front,-back] / [+coronal,+strident]__[+coronal,+strident]#

---
### English Plural Derivation

### English Plural Derivation

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-0lax">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/kæt + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dag + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dɪʃ + z/</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">V Epenthesis</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| dɪʃɪz |</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Voicing Assim.</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| kæts |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>
---

### English Plural Derivation (Final)

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-0lax">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/kæt + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dag + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dɪʃ + z/</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">V Epenthesis</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| dɪʃɪz |</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Voicing Assim.</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| kæts |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Surface Form</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[kæts]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[dagz]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[dɪʃɪz]</td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>
---

### Could we reverse the ordering of the rules?

---

### English Plural INCORRECT Derivation

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-0lax">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/kæt + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dag + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dɪʃ + z/</th>
  </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Voicing Assim.</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| kæts |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>| dɪʃs |</danger></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">V Epenthesis</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>| dɪʃɪs |</danger></td>
  </tr>

</table>
</center>
---

### English Plural INCORRECT Derivation

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
   <tr>
    <th class="tg-0lax">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/kæt + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dag + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dɪʃ + z/</th>
  </tr>
    <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Voicing Assim.</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| kæts |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>| dɪʃs |</danger></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">V Epenthesis</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>| dɪʃɪs |</danger></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Surface Form</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[kæts]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[dagz]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax"><danger>[dɪʃɪs]</danger></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>

---

### Putting voicing assimilation first breaks things!

- Voicing assimilation needs to come *after* epenthesis

- Epenthesis *removes* a context where voicing assimilation *would* apply

- Epenthesis *bleeds* the voicing assimilation rule
    
---

### So, derivations aren't just for us

- They're a good problem solving tool

- They help you test if your ordering is correct

- They make rule interactions clear!

---

### Tips for dealing with multi-rule datasets

---

## Types of Rule Interactions

---

### We've touched on two ways that rules can interact

---

### One rule *provides a context for the other to apply*

---

### One rule *removes a context* where the other one *would* apply

<center>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
</style>
<table class="tg">
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-0lax">Underlying Form</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/kæt + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dag + z/</th>
    <th class="tg-1wig">/dɪʃ + z/</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">V Epenthesis</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| dɪʃɪz |</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Voicing Assim.</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">| kæts |</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">--</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-1wig">Surface Form</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[kæts]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[dagz]</td>
    <td class="tg-0lax">[dɪʃɪz]</td>
  </tr>
</table>
</center>

---

### 'Feeding' and 'Bleeding' order

- A rule which provides a context for another to apply *feeds* the other rule

- A rule which *removes* a context where another *would* apply *bleeds* the other rule

- *Always be on the lookout for feeding and bleeding relationships!*

---

### Wrapping up

- Not all problem sets with multiple rules show interactions

- Derivations are a powerful tool for understanding interactions

- Always double-check your rule orderings if you're having problems

- Some rules 'feed' each other, some rules 'bleed' each other

---

### Next time

- The return of Russian, and it's bringing multiple rules!

- (From Russia, with Derivations!)

---

<huge>Thank you!</huge>

---

### In case we're done early...

---