### Grab an IPA chart and reference guide (also on Canvas Files) --- # Phonetics: The Sounds of Language ### Will Styler - LIGN 101 --- ### Today's Plan - How does speech work? - How can we write down speech? - How do we describe consonants? - How do we describe vowels? --- ## How does speech work? --- ### The Speech Process * Flapping bits of meat inside your head while blowing out air * This creates vibrations in the air you're expelling * The ear picks these up, and inteprets them as speech. * This process is studied in **Phonetics** --- ### The Lungs <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/lungs.jpg" alt="lungs.jpg The image is a detailed diagram illustrating the human respiratory system. It shows the internal structures of the body from an anterior (front) view, with labels pointing out various parts of the respiratory tract and lungs. - Sinuses: These are located at the top part of the diagram, just above the nose. They are small cavities filled with air that are connected to the nasal passages. - Throat: This is labeled in the middle section of the image, below the sinuses. It includes the pharynx and larynx (voice box), which are parts of the upper respiratory tract. - Larynx: Also known as the voice box, it is shown just above the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal cords that produce sound when air passes through them during speech or singing. - Trachea: This is a tube-like structure extending from the larynx down to the bronchi. It is labeled in the middle section of the diagram, below the throat. - Bronchial Tube: This is shown branching off from the trachea and leading into each lung. The diagram shows one bronchial tube on the left side and another on the right side. - Bronchioles: These are small branches that further divide the bronchial tubes, leading deeper into the lungs where they connect to the alveoli (tiny air sacs) for gas exchange. - Lungs: The two large, pinkish-red structures at the bottom of the diagram represent the lungs. They are shown on either side and are responsible for breathing in oxygen from the air we inhale and exhaling carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The diagram is a simplified representation to help understand the structure and function of the respiratory system. It does not include any aesthetic elements or additional details beyond what is necessary to identify each part clearly. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Flapping bits of meat ("articulation") <img class="r-stretch big" src="phonmedia/nasalsagittal.jpg" alt="nasalsagittal.jpg The image is a detailed anatomical illustration of the human head and neck, focusing on the nasal cavity and pharynx regions. It shows various structures in cross-section view. - Nasal Cavity: The nasal cavity is depicted with its internal structures clearly labeled. The nasal passage is shown at the top left corner, leading into the nasal cavity. - Sinuses: There are labels for frontal sinuses and sphenoid sinus, which are located above and behind the nose. - Conchae/Turbinates Bones: These are labeled as Inferior, Middle, and Superior. They are structures within the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs. - Tonsils: The tonsils, which are part of the immune system, are shown at the back of the throat. There is a label for the Tonsil near the center. - Pharynx: This section includes: - Nasopharynx: Located above the soft palate and behind the nasal cavity. - Oropharynx: Situated below the nasopharynx, it connects to the mouth at the back of the throat. It is labeled with Opening of eustachian tube near its upper part. - Larynx (Voice Box): The larynx is shown at the bottom right corner and includes the epiglottis which covers the trachea when swallowing. The illustration uses a color gradient to differentiate between various tissues, with pink for soft tissue structures like the nasal cavity walls and yellow for bony structures. Labels are clearly written in black text pointing directly to each structure. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Simplified a bit... <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_simple.jpg" alt="sagittalsimple.jpg The image is a detailed diagram illustrating The Vocal Tract, which includes various anatomical parts of the human mouth and throat used for speech production. The diagram is labeled with dotted lines pointing to each part. Starting from the top, there's an outline of the upper jaw or maxilla, which forms the roof of the mouth. This area is labeled as Palate. Below it, you can see a small structure called the Velum, which is involved in controlling airflow during speech and swallowing. Moving down further, we have the Nasal cavity at the back of the nose, which is connected to the throat through an opening. The Oral cavity is shown below this, where sounds are produced by the tongue, lips, teeth, and palate. The Tongue, a muscular organ used for articulating speech, occupies a significant portion in the oral cavity. It's positioned centrally with its tip pointing downward towards the bottom of the diagram. To the left side of the image, there is an outline of the lower jaw or mandible, which includes the Teeth and the Epiglottis, a flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering it when swallowing. The Adam's apple, also known as the laryngeal prominence, is shown on the left side near the throat. The Larynx or voice box is located at the base of the throat and contains the vocal cords (vocal folds). These are essential for producing sound during speech. Below the larynx lies the Trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, which leads to the lungs. On the right side of the diagram, you can see parts of the pharynx, including the Nasal pharynx and Oral pharynx. The Uvula, a small fleshy projection at the back of the throat, is also labeled. Further down, there's an indication for the Laryngeal pharynx. Finally, on the far right side, you can see parts of the digestive system such as the Oesophagus (also known as the esophagus) and the Pharynx, which connects to both the respiratory and digestive tracts. This diagram is a comprehensive representation of how sound travels through these structures during speech production. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### You will not be responsible for any anatomical terms not required for transcription on exams --- ### The Tongue <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/tonguefromside.jpg" alt="tonguefromside.jpg The image is a diagram illustrating the anatomy of the mouth and tongue. It includes labels for various parts of the tongue and surrounding structures. - Tongue: The main part of the tongue is labeled with several sections: tip, blade, front, center, back, root. - Lip: The lips are shown at the bottom left corner of the diagram. - Epiglottis: This structure is located on the right side of the image and is labeled as epiglottis. The diagram provides a clear view of how these parts relate to each other, with labels pointing to specific areas. The tongue appears to be in a relaxed position within the mouth. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/ohgodwhy.jpg" alt="ohgodwhy.jpg The image features a small orange kitten with light-colored eyes sitting on what appears to be a white surface, possibly a bed or a couch. The kitten has a slightly surprised expression and its mouth is open as if it's mid-speech. Its fur looks soft and fluffy. In the background, there are some dark shapes that resemble miniature houses or buildings, suggesting this might be part of a dollhouse set. These structures have details like windows and roofs, but they are not detailed enough to discern specific features clearly due to their small size in comparison to the kitten. The text overlaid on the image reads: OH GOD, WHY WOULD YOU DO THAT? This is written in bold white capital letters against a semi-transparent black background that blends with the darker areas of the image. The text seems to be superimposed onto the photo and does not appear to be part of any printed material within the scene. The overall lighting of the image appears warm, possibly from an indoor light source, which gives it a cozy feel. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Let's do an experiment --- > The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. --- ### Speech is absolutely insane - It's a series of fluid and overlapping gestures - It's amazingly complex - ... and it's nothing like we think it is --- ### How do we wrap our heads around it? - First, we break speech into 'segments' or 'phones' - Then, we figure out how to describe those phones and their properties - This lets us *transcribe* what was said, rather than what words were said - But first you need to realize that... --- ## Your writing system is a trainwreck - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/trainwreck.png" alt="trainwreck.png The image depicts a railway accident scene with several damaged train cars lying on their sides across multiple tracks. The train cars are in various states of disrepair; some have been bent and twisted, while others appear more intact but still show signs of impact. In the foreground, there is a green freight car that has derailed and is resting on its side over the tracks. Its roof is crushed, and it appears to be leaking or damaged at the top. Nearby, another train car with a brownish-green coloration lies on its side as well, with visible damage to its structure. Further back in the image, there are more train cars that have also derailed and are scattered across the tracks. Some of these cars appear to be intact but leaning at odd angles due to the collision or derailment. Several people can be seen near the scene of the accident. They seem to be inspecting the damage or possibly assessing the situation for safety reasons. The individuals vary in appearance, with some wearing darker clothing and others lighter attire. Their postures suggest they are engaged in conversation or observation. The tracks themselves appear to be part of a larger railway system, as there is another set of tracks running parallel to the damaged ones on the right side of the image. The ground around the tracks consists of gravel and dirt, typical for railway infrastructure. In the background, some greenery can be seen, indicating that this accident has occurred in an area with vegetation nearby. There are also some structures visible at a distance, possibly part of the railway station or related facilities. The sky is clear, suggesting it might have been taken during daytime under fair weather conditions. The overall scene conveys a sense of aftermath and investigation following a significant railway incident. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Your writing system is lying to you - Every minute of every day - "They thoroughly and roughly wrought the boughs in the borough, through and through" - C doesn't exist - The 'ee' in 'pee' is silent - The 'e' - TH is neither a t nor an h, and represents two different sounds - ... and if you start thinking about letters, you're going to start struggling - For this class, consider your writing system with the same skepticism you would normally reserve for a guy with a broken bottle walking towards you in a dark alley. --- ### ... but wait, speech is super complicated - Our writing system is lying to us - Many languages don't have writing systems - ... and we still need to write down what was said in them - ## Is there no hope?! --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/surprised_owls.jpg" alt="surprisedowls.jpg The image shows a group of baby owls inside what appears to be a white bucket filled with soil or dirt. The owlets are small and have fluffy feathers that are primarily light brown with darker streaks on their backs, which is typical for young owls. Each owl has large, round eyes that are bright yellow with black pupils, giving them an expressive look. The owlets' feet are visible, and each foot is adorned with a brightly colored band or tag in various colors such as orange, green, blue, pink, and purple. These bands likely serve to identify the individual owls for tracking purposes if they were part of a wildlife rehabilitation program. The owlets seem curious and alert, looking around their environment. Some are perched close together while others have spread out slightly within the bucket. The overall scene suggests that these owlets might be in care or being prepared for release into the wild after recovery from illness or injury. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- (Nah, it's cool, we've got the IPA!) --- ### The International Phonetic Alphabet - A system for *transcribing* what was said, that's based on *describing* individual phones - We'll discuss a reduced set of the IPA focusing on the English language in this class --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_chart.jpg" alt="ipachart.jpg The image is a detailed chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015). It provides a comprehensive guide for representing sounds in the English language and other languages using symbols. The chart is divided into several sections, each focusing on different aspects of phonetics. Consonants The first section lists consonant sounds with their corresponding IPA symbols. These are categorized by place of articulation (where the sound is produced) and manner of articulation (how it's made). For example: - Place of Articulation includes Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Palatoalveolar, Retroflex, Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Glottal. - Manner of Articulation includes Plosive (e.g., p, b), Nasal (e.g., m, n), Fricative (e.g., f, v), Tap or Flap (e.g., t̪, d̪), Laterally Expiratory (e.g., l̪), Approximant (e.g., w). Each consonant sound is represented by a symbol that visually represents the mouth and tongue positions needed to produce the sound. For example: - The p sound is produced with both lips closed. - The b sound involves the lips being apart but vibrating. Vowels The second section focuses on vowel sounds, which are categorized into Front (e.g., i, y), Central (e.g., a, ə), and Back vowels (e.g., u, o). Each vowel is represented by a symbol that shows where in the mouth the sound is produced. For example: - The i sound involves the tongue being high up against the roof of the mouth. - The a sound has the tongue positioned more centrally. Other Symbols The third section includes additional symbols used to represent sounds, such as clicks (e.g., c), voiced implosives (e.g., ɓ), and ejectives (e.g., tsʼ). These are less common but important for certain languages or dialects. Diacritics The fourth section lists diacritical marks that can be added to the basic symbols to modify their pronunciation. For example: - A breve symbol (̃) over a vowel indicates a long, low tone. - An acute accent (´) above a consonant represents aspiration of the sound. Tones and Word Accents The final section explains how tones are represented in the IPA system. There are six primary tones: high (H), mid-high (Hː), mid (M), mid-low (Lː), low (L), and low-falling (Lː). These can be combined to create complex tone patterns. Example of a Sound For instance, the sound b is represented by the symbol /b/. This indicates that it's a bilabial plosive, meaning both lips are closed when producing this sound. The chart provides a visual guide for how to position your mouth and tongue to produce these sounds accurately. This chart serves as an essential tool for linguists, speech therapists, and anyone studying or teaching phonetics. It helps in understanding the precise articulation of sounds across different languages. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### The International Phonetic Alphabet - A system for *transcribing* what was said, that's based on *describing* individual phones - The IPA should be able to transcribe speech in *any* human language or dialect --- ### The IPA allows us to 'transcribe' speech - You throw away the writing system, and write down the *sequence of sounds* being produced - "Black Lives Matter" - In Will's dialect: /blæk lajvz mæɾəɹ/ - Note the /z/, and the /ɾ/ tap, and the lack of "c" --- ### The Entire IPA is shown on the IPA chart <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_chart.jpg" alt="ipachart.jpg The image is a detailed chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015). It provides a comprehensive guide for representing sounds in the English language and other languages using symbols. The chart is divided into several sections, each focusing on different aspects of phonetics. Consonants The first section lists consonant sounds with their corresponding IPA symbols. These are categorized by place of articulation (where the sound is produced) and manner of articulation (how it's made). For example: - Place of Articulation includes Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Palatoalveolar, Retroflex, Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Glottal. - Manner of Articulation includes Plosive (e.g., p, b), Nasal (e.g., m, n), Fricative (e.g., f, v), Tap or Flap (e.g., t̪, d̪), Laterally Expiratory (e.g., l̪), Approximant (e.g., w). Each consonant sound is represented by a symbol that visually represents the mouth and tongue positions needed to produce the sound. For example: - The p sound is produced with both lips closed. - The b sound involves the lips being apart but vibrating. Vowels The second section focuses on vowel sounds, which are categorized into Front (e.g., i, y), Central (e.g., a, ə), and Back vowels (e.g., u, o). Each vowel is represented by a symbol that shows where in the mouth the sound is produced. For example: - The i sound involves the tongue being high up against the roof of the mouth. - The a sound has the tongue positioned more centrally. Other Symbols The third section includes additional symbols used to represent sounds, such as clicks (e.g., c), voiced implosives (e.g., ɓ), and ejectives (e.g., tsʼ). These are less common but important for certain languages or dialects. Diacritics The fourth section lists diacritical marks that can be added to the basic symbols to modify their pronunciation. For example: - A breve symbol (̃) over a vowel indicates a long, low tone. - An acute accent (´) above a consonant represents aspiration of the sound. Tones and Word Accents The final section explains how tones are represented in the IPA system. There are six primary tones: high (H), mid-high (Hː), mid (M), mid-low (Lː), low (L), and low-falling (Lː). These can be combined to create complex tone patterns. Example of a Sound For instance, the sound b is represented by the symbol /b/. This indicates that it's a bilabial plosive, meaning both lips are closed when producing this sound. The chart provides a visual guide for how to position your mouth and tongue to produce these sounds accurately. This chart serves as an essential tool for linguists, speech therapists, and anyone studying or teaching phonetics. It helps in understanding the precise articulation of sounds across different languages. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Important Note: Most Online IPA Charts with Sound are awful! - ipachart.com is bad and should feel bad - <https://savethevowels.org/ipa> is not - [Here's the International Phonetic Association's Version](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html) - If you're just typing IPA, you can use [this tool](https://wstyler.ucsd.edu/intipa/#/keyboard) - Use the quick reference guide too! --- ### We have a new tool! ## <http://savethevowels.org/ipa> - Give this a try to see audio and video of IPA sounds! --- ### To understand the IPA, you need to understand how sounds work --- ## How do we describe how speech sounds are made? --- ### We break the world into two kinds of speech sounds - **Consonants:** Constrict, obstruct, or divert air in the vocal tract when being produced - **Vowels:** Shape the (unobstructed) vocal tract to change the sound emitted --- ## Describing Consonants --- ### Three steps to describing Consonants * We need to know three things: * **Place**: Where is the sound made? * **Manner**: What are we doing there? * **Voicing**: Are we making voicing? --- ## Place --- ### Place of Articulation - Where is the sound being made? --- ### Place <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_flesh.jpg" alt="sagittalflesh.jpg The image is a detailed anatomical illustration of the human head and neck, focusing on the structures involved in speech and swallowing. The illustration is labeled with numerous terms indicating various parts of the anatomy. Here's a breakdown: - Top Left Corner: - There are sinuses labeled as Frontal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, and Middle nasal concha. These are air-filled spaces within the skull that connect to the nose. - Top Center: - The Nasopharynx is shown, which is part of the throat behind the soft palate. It connects with the back of the nose. - Center Left: - The Soft palate, Hard palate, and Tonsils are labeled. These structures form the roof of the mouth. - Center Right: - The Epiglottis is shown, which covers the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing to prevent food from entering it. - Bottom Left: - The Larynx, also known as the voice box, is depicted. It contains structures like the vocal cords and the thyroid cartilage. - Bottom Center: - The Trachea (windpipe) extends downward from the larynx into the chest. - Bottom Right: - The Esophagus, which is part of the digestive system, connects to the stomach. It's shown running alongside the trachea and the cervical vertebrae. The illustration also includes labels for muscles such as: - Genioglossus muscle (tongue) - Mylohyoid muscle - Hyoid bone Additionally, there are labels for other structures like the Cervical vertebrae, Intervertebral disk, and parts of the skull. This image is a cross-sectional view that provides insight into how different parts of the head and neck work together to facilitate breathing, speaking, and swallowing. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Place <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_labeled.png" alt="sagittallabeled.png The image is a detailed diagram illustrating the anatomy of the human mouth and throat, focusing on the structures involved in speech production. The diagram includes labels for various parts of the oral cavity and pharynx. At the top left corner, there's an area labeled Nasal cavity, which represents the part of the respiratory tract above the soft palate where air passes through during breathing and speech that involves nasal sounds (like ng in sing). Below this is a detailed view of the mouth. The diagram shows the lips at the very front, followed by the teeth, tongue tip, alveolar ridge (the bumpy part on top of your teeth), palate (the roof of the mouth), uvula (a small hanging structure at the back of the throat), and finally the velum (the soft palate). The diagram also highlights the tongue in different positions: one labeled as Tongue (rest position) which is relaxed, another as Tongue (raised) indicating a raised tongue position for certain sounds or speech activities. Further down, there's an area labeled larynx, which includes the epiglottis and glottis. The epiglottis is shown in its resting position over the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food from entering it when swallowing. The glottis is depicted as a small opening between vocal folds, which are not visible but play a crucial role in producing sound. On the right side of the diagram, there's a table that lists various anatomical structures and their corresponding adjectives describing where they are located within the mouth or throat. These include labial (lips), alveolar, palatal, uvular, velar, laryngeal, and glottal. This diagram is a useful tool for understanding how different parts of the mouth work together to produce speech sounds, emphasizing the role of each structure in articulation. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Place * **Bilabial**: As in "***b***oy" * **Labiodental**: As in "***V***ote" * **Interdental**: As in "***Th***ose" * **Alveolar**: As in "***T***o***t***e***s***!" - Your alveolars may be *dental* * **Postalveolar**: As in "***J***u***dge***" - Your textbook calls these 'palatal' - We'll accept either for this class * **Velar**: As in "**C**lam**k**i**ng** * **Glottal**: As in "Uh***-***oh!" --- <section class="clicker"></section> ### The first and last sounds in "King" are... A) **Bilabial**: As in "***B***at***m***an isn't ***m***e!" B) **Labiodental**: As in "***V***owels aren't ***f***oul!" C) **Alveolar**: As in "***T***o***t***e***s*** ***l***i***t***!" D) **Postalveolar**: As in "***J***u***dgy*** ***Ch***eetahs" E) **Velar**: As in "**G**o **c**all you**ng** **c**arpenters" --- ### The first and last sounds in "King" are... A) **Bilabial**: As in "***B***at***m***an isn't ***m***e!" B) **Labiodental**: As in "***V***owels aren't ***f***oul!" C) **Alveolar**: As in "***T***o***t***e***s*** ***l***i***t***!" D) **Postalveolar**: As in "***J***u***dgy*** ***Ch***eetahs" E) <correct>**Velar**: As in "**G**o **c**all you**ng** **c**arpenters"</correct> --- ### There are other places English doesn't use - 'Uvular' sounds are made involving the uvula - As Cardi B says, 'that little dangly thang that swang in the back of my throat' - The French "r" sound in 'rouge' - 'Retroflex' sounds curl the tongue up and back - Present in Hindi/Urdu, as well as many other languages! --- ### Reference Diagrams for Place of Articulation --- ### Bilabial <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_bilabial.jpg" alt="sagbilabial.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a person's head and part of their neck. The lines are minimalistic and abstract, suggesting features such as hair, ears, and the outline of the face. There are no colors in this sketch; it consists solely of black lines on a white background. - Hair: The top portion of the drawing includes what appears to be hair, indicated by several curved lines that suggest strands or waves. - Ears: On either side of the head, there are small shapes that resemble ears. These are simple and not detailed. - Face Outline: The outline of the face is basic, with a smooth curve for the jawline and a straight line for the top of the head. - Neck: A short line extends from the bottom of the head to represent the neck. There are no texts or numbers present in this image. The style is very abstract and lacks detailed features that would typically be found in a more realistic drawing. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Bilabial <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Dental <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_dental.jpg" alt="sagdental.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and styled in a way that it falls over the ears and slightly down the back of the neck. There are no other objects or text present within this image. The drawing is minimalistic with no additional details such as eyes, nose, mouth, or facial features. The lines are clean and do not include any shading or texture to suggest depth or volume. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Alveolar <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_alveolar.jpg" alt="sagalveolar.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and slightly wavy, with some strands falling over the forehead. There are no distinct facial features such as eyes, nose, or mouth depicted in this minimalist style. The drawing is monochromatic, using only black lines on a white background. There are no colors, textures, or additional elements present in the image. The simplicity of the line work suggests it might be an abstract representation rather than a detailed portrait. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Alveolar <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Retroflex <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_retroflex.jpg" alt="sagretroflex.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a person's face viewed from the side. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the head and facial features without any shading or color. - Head Shape: The top part of the head is rounded with a slightly pointed chin. - Hair: There appears to be hair on the top of the head, indicated by a few curved lines above the forehead. - Eyes: The eyes are represented by two small, curved lines near the center of the face. They do not have any detail such as pupils or eyelashes. - Nose: A small, straight line is drawn below the eyes to represent the nose. - Mouth: The mouth is depicted with a simple curve that suggests an open position. The drawing does not include any text or additional elements beyond these basic facial features. There are no numbers or figures present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Retroflex <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Palatal <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_palatal.jpg" alt="sagpalatal.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and neatly styled, with some strands falling over the forehead and around the sides of the head. The facial features include a prominent nose, defined cheekbones, and a slightly open mouth that gives the impression of a smile or a neutral expression. The eyes are not detailed but are suggested by small lines above the nose, indicating where they would be located if visible. There is no text or additional diagrams present in this image. The drawing style is minimalistic, focusing solely on the outline and basic features without any shading or color. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Palatal <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Velar <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_velar.jpg" alt="sagvelar.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a person's head and shoulders from a side profile view. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face, hair, and neck. - Head: The head is turned slightly towards the left, showing one ear and part of the cheek. The jawline is defined with a slight curve. - Hair: The hair appears to be short on top but extends down past the shoulders in a wavy manner. It is drawn with curved lines that suggest movement or texture. - Neck: A straight line connects the head to the neck, which is relatively thin and smooth. The drawing style is minimalistic, using only black lines against a white background without any shading or additional details like eyes, nose, mouth, or facial features. There are no numbers, text, or other elements present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Velar <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Uvular <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_uvular.jpg" alt="saguvular.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and shoulders. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short on top with some strands falling over the ears and down the back of the neck. There are no distinct facial features such as eyes, nose, or mouth depicted in this drawing. The style is minimalist, using only black lines against a white background. There are no colors, text, numbers, or other elements present in the image to provide additional context or detail. The simplicity of the drawing suggests it might be an abstract representation rather than a detailed portrait. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Uvular <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ## Manner of Articulation --- ### Manner "So what are you doing with the articulators?" --- ### Manner * **Stops**: Stop the airflow (also called 'plosives') - As in '**c**a**t** **d**o**ck**e**t**' * ***Taps***: Throw your tongue against the roof of your mouth - As in 'la**t**er la**dd**er wi**nn**ers' * **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds - As in '**f**la**sh**y **s**o**v**iet **sh**i**f**ter**s**' * **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose - As in 'wi**ng** **m**a**n** ' --- ### Oral Stop (/d/) <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_alveolar.jpg" alt="sagalveolar.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and slightly wavy, with some strands falling over the forehead. There are no distinct facial features such as eyes, nose, or mouth depicted in this minimalist style. The drawing is monochromatic, using only black lines on a white background. There are no colors, textures, or additional elements present in the image. The simplicity of the line work suggests it might be an abstract representation rather than a detailed portrait. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Oral Stop (/d/) <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Nasal Stop (/n/) <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_nasal.jpg" alt="sagnasal.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears short and is drawn with a few curved lines at the top, suggesting it might be styled in a way that frames the face. The facial features include an open mouth, which could indicate speaking or singing, and a nose with a small tip. The eyes are not detailed but are represented by two curved lines above the nose, giving the impression of closed eyelids. The ears are depicted as simple shapes on either side of the head, close to where the hair ends. The neck is drawn with a few wavy lines that suggest movement or perhaps a slight bend in the neck. There are no other elements such as text, numbers, or additional figures present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Nasal Stop (/n/) <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Manner (Continued) * **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place - As in '**y**ou **w**ill' * **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue - As in '**l**atera**l**s' --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/preferredmannerstop.jpg" alt="preferredmannerstop.jpg The image features a close-up photograph of a cat with white and dark brown fur. The cat has a distinct frowning expression, with dark patches around its eyes and ears, giving it a grumpy appearance. It is being held by a person whose hand is visible on the left side of the frame and who appears to be wearing blue denim jeans on the right. Overlaid on the image is white text in all capital letters with a black outline. At the top, the text reads: MY PREFERRED MANNER OF ARTICULATION? Near the bottom, below the cat's chest, the text reads: STOP. In the very bottom right corner, there is a small watermark that says quickmeme.com. The cat in the image is widely known as Grumpy Cat. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### The initial sounds in "Taco Bell" are... A) **Stops**: Stop the airflow B) **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### The initial sounds in "Taco Bell" are... A)<correct> **Stops**: Stop the airflow</correct> B) **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue --- ### The initial sounds in "Feline Show" are... <section class="clicker"></section> A) **Stops**: Stop the airflow B) **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue --- ### The initial sounds in "Feline Show" are... A) **Stops**: Stop the airflow B) <correct>**Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds</correct> C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue --- ## Voicing --- ### Voicing * Is the larynx buzzing, or not? --- Content Warning: Things are about to get weird. --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> [Video Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwAR7J9471M) --- ### This is not the only such video - [Here's one featuring Will Ramos of Lorna Shore](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua8SuWNPrLE) getting scoped during heavy metal vocals! - The twisting his larynx can do is *incredibly* unusual, and really cool! --- ### Let's pretend we're snakes eating bees! <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/snakesbees.jpg" alt="snakesbees.jpg The image contains two distinct animals: a bee on the left side and a snake on the right side. 1. Bee: - The bee is positioned towards the left of the image. - It has a yellow and black striped body, which is typical for bees. - Its wings are translucent with visible veins running through them. - The head of the bee is facing downward slightly to the right. - The antennae are long and extend forward from its head. 2. Snake: - The snake is located on the right side of the image. - It has a dark, almost black color with some lighter markings or patterns along its body. - Its body is coiled in an S-shape, which is common for snakes when they are resting or moving slowly. - The head of the snake is facing towards the left and slightly downward. The background of the image is plain white, which helps to highlight the animals without any distractions. There are no other objects or text present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Voiced vs. Voiceless - Cats - Bob - Month - Those - Crash - Judge --- ### The initial sounds in "Phonetics wins popularity" are... A) All Voiced B) All Voiceless C) Voiceless, Voiced, Voiceless D) Voiced, Voiceless, Voiced E) None of the above <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### The initial sounds in "Phonetics wins popularity" are... A) All Voiced B) All Voiceless C) <correct>Voiceless, Voiced, Voiceless</correct> D) Voiced, Voiceless, Voiced E) None of the above --- ### Three steps to describing Consonants * We need to know three things: * **Place**: Where is the sound made? * **Manner**: What are we doing there? * **Voicing**: Are we making voicing? --- ### All consonants can be described this way - /m/ - Voiced Bilabial Nasal - /t/ - Voiceless Alveolar Stop - /g/ - Voiced Velar Stop - /f/ - Voiceless Labiodental Fricative --- ### There are a couple of weird ones - /ɹ/ - The English "R", a voiced 'alveolar' approximant - "Reed read the wrong resolution" - Super weird - /w/ - A voiced labio-velar approximant - "Will would wisely watch the wind" - Has a voiceless version ("Cool whip" from Family Guy) --- ### 'Affricates' If you combine a fricative and a stop, you get an affricate - **J**u**dg**e (d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ) - **Ch**eese (t͡ʃiz) - Ca**ts** (kæts) --- Once we've organized sounds by place, manner, and voicing, we have... --- ### English Consonants <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_consonants_english.jpg" alt="ipaconsonantsenglish.jpg The image is a phonetic chart that categorizes sounds based on their articulation points in the mouth and throat. It is divided into several columns representing different types of consonants: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal, nasal, trill, tap or flap, fricative, lateral fricative, approximant, and lateral approximant. Each column contains symbols that represent specific sounds. The rows are labeled with the types of consonants: - Bilabial: p b - Labiodental: f v - Dental: t d - Alveolar: n l r s z ʃ ʒ - Postalveolar: ts dz ʧ ʤ - Retroflex: k g ʈ ɖ - Palatal: c j ɕ ʑ - Velar: q G ɢ - Uvular: χ y ʁ - Pharyngeal: h - Glottal: ? ʔ Each cell in the chart contains a phonetic symbol, which represents how the sound is produced. For example: - 'p' and 'b' are bilabial stops. - 'f' and 'v' are labiodental fricatives. - 't' and 'd' are dental stops. - 'n', 'l', 'r', 's', 'z', 'ʃ', and 'ʒ' are alveolar sounds, with different articulations for each. The chart also includes a note at the bottom that explains how symbols appear in pairs. The one to the right represents a voiced consonant, while the shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible based on human speech capabilities. There are no people or characters depicted in this image; it is purely an educational tool used by linguists and phoneticians to understand and describe sounds of different languages. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_conschart_reading.jpg" alt="ipaconschartreading.jpg The image is a chart that illustrates different aspects of speech sounds based on two main categories: Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation. The chart is organized into a grid with rows labeled as Manner of Articulation and columns labeled as Place of Articulation. Manner of Articulation: - Voiceless: Sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating. - Voiced: Sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating. Place of Articulation: - Front of Mouth: Sounds made near or at the front part of the mouth, such as sounds involving the lips and teeth. - Back of Mouth: Sounds made further back in the mouth, often involving the tongue and soft palate. The chart is divided into cells where each cell represents a combination of Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation. For example: - The top-left cell (Voiceless / Front of Mouth) contains information about sounds produced without vibration at the front part of the mouth. - The bottom-right cell (Voiced / Back of Mouth) contains information about sounds that are voiced and made further back in the mouth. The chart is designed to help understand how different combinations of manner and place can produce various speech sounds. Each cell likely contains specific examples or descriptions related to those particular sound types, though these details are not provided within this description. This type of chart is commonly used in phonetics and linguistics to classify and analyze the production of human speech sounds. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch wide" src="phonmedia/ipa_consonants.jpg" alt="ipaconsonants.jpg The image is a chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005). It provides a detailed representation of consonants and vowels used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The chart is divided into sections, with each section representing different types of sounds produced by the human vocal tract. Consonants (PULMONIC) The consonant section is further divided into rows based on the manner of articulation: - Bilabial: Sounds made using both lips. - Examples: /p/, /b/ - Labiodental: Sounds made with the lower lip and upper teeth. - Example: /f/ - Dental: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the upper front teeth. - Example: /t/, /d/ - Alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (the bony prominence behind the upper front teeth). - Examples: /n/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t/, /d/, /θ/, /ð/ - Post-alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against a point slightly further back than alveolar. - Example: /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - Palatal: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the hard palate (the roof of the mouth). - Examples: /c/, /ɟ/, /ç/, /ʝ/, /χ/, /ʁ/ - Velar: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against the soft palate. - Examples: /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/, /j/, /ɰ/ - Uvular: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula (the fleshy part at the back of the throat). - Example: /q/ - Pharyngeal: Sounds made in the pharynx, behind the soft palate. - Examples: /ħ/, /ʕ/ - Glottal: Sounds made with vibrations from the vocal cords. - Examples: /ʔ/ Vowels The vowel section is not fully visible or detailed in this description. It typically includes a chart showing different positions of the tongue and lips to produce various vowel sounds. Additional Notes: - The chart also indicates which symbols are voiced consonants (the one on the right represents a voiced version). - Some articulations are marked as judged impossible with shading. - The copyright notice at the bottom reads: © 2005 IPA. This chart is an essential tool for linguists, phoneticians, and students of languages to understand and represent sounds accurately. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Can't figure out where in the mouth that is? Ask [Sammy the Interactive Sagittal Section](http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/)! - Or check UBC's [Enunciate](https://enunciate.arts.ubc.ca/) site --- ### So, that's consonants. --- ## Vowels! --- ### Vowels are created by shaping your vocal tract * A vowel is voicing passing through (and resonating in) an unobstructed vocal tract! * If we change the position of the tongue, we change the resonances --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/voweltongue.png" alt="voweltongue.png The image is a diagram illustrating the positions of the tongue for different vowel sounds in speech. The diagram shows a side view of the human head with an emphasis on the mouth and throat area. The tongue's position relative to the palate (the roof of the mouth) is highlighted, indicating how it changes shape and position to produce various vowel sounds. The diagram includes labels for four different vowels: i, e, ɛ, and a. Each label corresponds to a specific line that shows where the tongue should be placed in your mouth when pronouncing these vowels. The lines are color-coded, with each vowel having its own distinct color: - i is represented by a red line. - e is shown as a blue line. - ɛ is depicted using a green line. - a is indicated by a purple line. The diagram also includes small dots on the tongue to show where it should be placed for each vowel sound. The i position shows the tongue positioned high in the mouth, close to the palate, which is typical for front and high vowels like /ɪ/. For e, the tongue is shown lower than for i, but still relatively high, closer to the middle of the mouth. The ɛ vowel has a slightly more open position compared to e, with the tongue positioned further back in the mouth. This is characteristic of front and mid vowels like /ɛ/. Finally, the a vowel shows the tongue at its lowest point, close to the throat, which is typical for back and low vowels such as /ɑː/ or /a/. The diagram provides a clear visual guide on how the position of the tongue changes when pronouncing different vowels. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Vowels are different from consonants - They're always* voiced - They can (and do) occur on their own. I. - We describe vowels using different characteristics --- ### How many vowels are present in Mainstream US English? A) 5 B) 5, sometimes 6 C) 12 D) 17 E) 21 <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### How many vowels are present in Mainstream US English? A) 5 B) 5, sometimes 6 C) 12 D) <correct>17</correct> E) 21 --- ### Reminder, your writing system is as trustworthy as a politician turned used-car-salesman --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_1.jpg" alt="aeiouseq1.jpg The image is a simple slide with a plain white background. It contains black text that reads: a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y. The text appears in a standard font style, likely Arial or something similar, and the letters are evenly spaced across the slide. There are no other elements such as images, diagrams, or additional text present on this slide. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_2.jpg" alt="aeiouseq2.jpg The image contains a simple graphic with a white background. In the center of the image is a red circle with a diagonal line through it, indicating prohibition or restriction. Inside this red circle is a black letter a with two horizontal lines above and below it, which resembles the symbol for the letter 'a' in some typefaces. Below the graphic, there is text that reads: , e, i, o, u, and sometimes y. The text appears to be in a standard sans-serif font. There are no other elements or figures present in the image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_3.jpg" alt="aeiouseq3.jpg The image contains a slide with a white background. At the bottom of the slide, there is some text in black that reads: i, o, u, and sometimes y. Above this text are two red circles, each containing a letter inside them. The first circle has an 'a' written in it, and the second circle has an 'e'. Both letters appear to be stylized or simplified versions of their standard forms. The slide seems to be part of a presentation, possibly related to phonetics or spelling rules, as indicated by the text below the red circles. The focus is on vowels, specifically mentioning that i, o, and u are always included in this list, while y is mentioned only sometimes, suggesting it can function as an additional vowel under certain conditions. There are no people or characters depicted in the image; it is purely textual with some simple graphic elements. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_4.jpg" alt="aeiouseq4.jpg The image contains a piece of educational content that appears to be related to phonetics or spelling rules in English. It is a slide with a white background and black text. The text reads: o, u, and sometimes y at the bottom right corner. Above this text are three red circles each containing a letter: 1. The first circle contains the letter 'a'. 2. The second circle contains the letter 'e'. 3. The third circle contains the letter 'i'. Each of these letters is crossed out with a diagonal line, indicating that they should not be used in certain contexts or rules being discussed. The slide seems to be part of an educational presentation aimed at teaching students about vowel sounds and spelling exceptions involving vowels 'o', 'u', and sometimes 'y'. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_5.jpg" alt="aeiouseq5.jpg The image contains a list of letters written in black text on a white background. The letters are a, e, i, o, and u. Each letter is crossed out with a red circle containing a diagonal line, indicating that these letters should not be used or are incorrect for the context provided. Below this list, there is additional text in black that reads: u, and sometimes y. The image does not contain any people, diagrams, numbers, or figures. It focuses solely on the text described above. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_6.jpg" alt="aeiouseq6.jpg The image contains a list of letters written in black text on a white background. The letters are a, e, i, o, and u. Each letter is circled with a red circle, indicating that these are vowels. Below the list, there's an additional phrase in black text which reads: and sometimes y. The image does not include any people or characters. It focuses solely on the letters and their classification as vowels. The background is plain white, and there are no other elements present to describe. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_7.jpg" alt="aeiouseq7.jpg The image contains a list of letters written in red on a white background. The letters are a, e, i, o, u, and y. Each letter is circled with a red marker, indicating that they are vowels. Below the list, there is additional text also in red which reads: and sometimes y. The letters are arranged horizontally, one after another, without any spaces between them. The font appears to be a standard sans-serif typeface commonly used for digital presentations or educational materials. There are no people or diagrams present in this image; it solely focuses on the textual content related to vowels and their representation. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/aeiou_seq_8.jpg" alt="aeiouseq8.jpg The image contains a piece of educational content that appears to be related to English grammar rules regarding the use of never in sentences. The text is written in red and black on a white background. At the top right, there are four letters: A, E, I, O, U, each crossed out with a red line through them. Below these letters, it says and sometimes y, also crossed out similarly. To the left of this section, the word NEVER!!!! is written in large, bold red text, emphasizing its importance or significance within the context provided by the image. The overall layout suggests that the image might be used to teach students about which vowels and 'y' are never followed by a silent 'e' at the end of words. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### / i, ɪ, ɛ, æ, ə, əɹ, ʌ, ɑ, ɔ, ʊ, u / - beet - bit - bet - bat - sof**a** - bird - but - bot - bought - book - boot --- /i/ - beet, see, seen, sear, seal /ɪ/ - bit, sit, tin, sill /ɛ/ - bet, set, sent, fair, sell /æ/ - bat, sat, pant, pal /ʌ/ - but, sun, pun, lull (ə in sofa, amount) /əɹ/ - bird, purr, earl, butter, clamor (this is often broken into two vowels!) /ɑ/ - bot, saw, star, paul, pawn, (cot*) /ɔ/ - corn /kɔɹn/, boy /bɔj/ (caught*) /ʊ/ - book, hood, puss /u/ - boot, who’d, loose, lure, loon --- ### Do you produce 'Cot' and 'Caught' differently? A) Yes, they're two different vowels B) No, they're the same vowel <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### A note on /ɔ/ vs. /ɑ/ - These are two vowels for some people - Cot (/ɑ/) vs. caught (/ɔ/) - For many speakers, these have merged in all but a few cases - I am one of these speakers - Even for me, “horse” and “corn” still have /ɔ/. (/hɔɹs/ and /kɔɹn/) - Also, “boy” /bɔj/ --- ### What's the difference between /ʌ/ and /ə/? - They sound the same, but we use /ə/ in *unstressed* positions in words - If there's just one vowel in the word, and it sounds like 'uh', it's /ʌ/ - This is the same difference between /ɜ˞/ and /əɹ/ (although for this class, you can write /əɹ/ for both) - More details [at this link](http://wstyler.ucsd.edu/posts/difference_schwa_wedge.html) --- ### Describing Vowels - For vowels, we talk about three additional dimensions - 1- Where is the tongue in terms of height? - (High, Low, or Mid) - Also "Closed, Open, or Mid" - 2- Where is the tongue in terms of horizontal space? - (Front, Central, or Back) - 3- Are your lips rounded or not? --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/vowelsandcrawler.jpg" alt="vowelsandcrawler.jpg The image depicts a large, rusted structure that resembles an old train car or a container, situated in what appears to be a desert-like environment with sparse vegetation. The ground is dry and sandy, suggesting a hot climate. The structure itself has a rectangular shape with visible signs of wear and corrosion, indicating it might have been abandoned for some time. It features several wheels at the bottom, which are partially buried in sand, hinting that this vehicle may not be able to move freely due to its current state or location. There is text overlaid on the image, including a speech bubble with the text /u.ti.ni/! and various phonetic symbols arranged around it. These symbols represent different sounds used in English pronunciation, such as a, e, i, o, and u. The arrangement of these symbols suggests an educational or linguistic purpose, possibly related to teaching pronunciation. The sky is clear with a gradient from light blue at the horizon to a slightly darker shade higher up. There are no other significant objects or people in the image besides the structure itself. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### The IPA Vowel Chart <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_english_vowels.jpg" alt="ipaenglishvowels.jpg The image is a phonetic chart that illustrates vowel sounds used in English. It's organized into a grid with two axes: one horizontal axis labeled Front and Central on the left side, and another vertical axis labeled Close, Close-mid, Open-mid, and Open at the top. The horizontal axis represents where the tongue is positioned relative to the front or back of the mouth. The vertical axis represents how high in the mouth the tongue is placed when pronouncing a vowel sound, from close (high) to open (low). Each cell on this grid contains a phonetic symbol representing different vowel sounds. For example: - In the Close row and Front column, there's an 'i' which represents the sound in words like bit. - Moving down to the next row (Close-mid), you'll find 'e', as in bet. - The Open-mid row includes 'æ', a sound often used in words like cat. - In the Open row, there's an 'ɑː' which is pronounced similarly to the 'a' in father. Additionally, some cells have two symbols. This indicates that one of them represents a rounded vowel, meaning the lips are rounded when pronouncing it. For example: - The cell at the intersection of Close-mid and Central contains both 'ɜː' (unrounded) and 'ɞ' (rounded). The chart is designed to help linguists or students understand how different vowels can be produced in English, based on their tongue position and lip rounding. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_vowels_in_head.jpg" alt="ipavowelsinhead.jpg The image depicts a diagram illustrating the vowel space of the English language, which is used in phonetics and linguistics to show how different vowels are pronounced by the position of the tongue and lips. The diagram shows the front-back dimension on one axis and the high-low dimension on another. - Front-Back Dimension: This horizontal line represents where the tongue is positioned relative to the back or front of the mouth. - On the left side, labeled Front, we see vowels that are pronounced with a more forward position of the tongue. Examples include /i/ (as in see), /ɪ/ (as in sit), and /æ/ (as in cat). - On the right side, labeled Back, we see vowels that are pronounced with a more rearward position of the tongue. Examples include /ɑː/ (as in father) and /ɒ/ (as in cot). - High-Low Dimension: This vertical line represents how high or low the tongue is positioned relative to the roof of the mouth. - At the top, labeled High, we see vowels that are pronounced with a higher position of the tongue. Examples include /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ (as in boot). - At the bottom, labeled Low, we see vowels that are pronounced with a lower position of the tongue. Examples include /ɑː/ and /ɒ/. The diagram includes specific vowel symbols used to represent these sounds: - Front High: /i/ - Front Mid: /ɪ/ - Front Low: /æ/ - Back High: /ʊ/ - Back Mid: /ɔː/ - Back Low: /ɑː/ These vowels are plotted on the diagram, showing their relative positions in terms of front-back and high-low dimensions. The diagram is a useful tool for understanding how different sounds are produced by varying the position of the tongue and lips. This image does not contain any people or characters; it focuses solely on phonetic representations of vowel sounds. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_vowels_with_tongue.jpg" alt="ipavowelswithtongue.jpg The image is a diagram that appears to be related to phonetics, specifically vowel sounds in English. It includes two main sections: a chart on the left and illustrations of mouth positions for different vowels on the right. Left Section: - The left section shows a chart with various symbols representing different vowel sounds. - There are horizontal lines labeled i, e, æ, ə, ɜ, ɑ, ɒ, ɔ, ʊ, and u. - These lines represent the front-to-back position of the tongue in relation to the palate (the roof of the mouth). - Vertically, there are labels indicating different degrees of openness: id, i, iid, etc., which correspond to how far apart the lips might be. - The chart is divided into two main groups: - Front Vowels: These include sounds like /ɪ/ (as in bit), /e/ (as in bet), and /æ/ (as in cat). - Back Vowels: These include sounds like /ɑː/ (as in father), /ɒ/ (as in cot), and /ʊ/ (as in put). Right Section: - The right section contains four illustrations of the mouth showing different vowel positions. - Each illustration is labeled with a phonetic symbol: /i/, /u/, /æ/, and /ɑː/. - These labels correspond to the sounds represented by the symbols on the left chart. Detailed Descriptions for the Mouth Illustrations: 1. /i/ (as in bit): - The lips are rounded. - The tongue is positioned high in the mouth, close to the palate. - The front of the tongue is raised towards the top front part of the mouth. 2. /u/ (as in put): - The lips are rounded and spread apart slightly. - The tongue is positioned low in the back of the mouth, near the soft palate. - The front of the tongue is not raised much above the bottom teeth. 3. /æ/ (as in cat): - The lips are relaxed and spread apart. - The tongue is low in the mouth with a slight forward position. - The front part of the tongue is slightly raised, but it does not touch the top front part of the mouth. 4. /ɑː/ (as in father): - The lips are rounded and spread apart. - The tongue is positioned low in the back of the mouth near the soft palate. - The front of the tongue is slightly raised, but it does not touch the top front part of the mouth. Summary: The image provides a visual guide to understanding vowel sounds by showing both their phonetic symbols and corresponding mouth positions. It helps learners visualize how different vowels are produced in terms of tongue position and lip shape. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Diphthongs - Vowels where the tongue moves through the mouth - Start at one vowel, move to another vowel - Things like “boy” (/ɔj/), “buy” (/aj/), “bay” (/ej/), “boat” (/ow/), “cow” (/aw/) - Others are monophthongs --- ### MUSE Diphthongs /ɔj/ - boy, soy, toy, join, oil, Roy /aj/ - buy, right, try, sigh, die, fire /ej/ - play, bay, may, ray, lay, trail /ow/ - boat, oat, wrote, pope, toll /aw/ - how, now, brown, cow, prow, louse --- ### So, Mainstream US English has lots of vowels - 12 Monophthongs - / i, ɪ, ɛ, æ, ə, əɹ, ʌ, ɑ, ɔ, ʊ, u / - 5 Diphthongs - /ɔj, aj, ej, ow, aw/ - And we describe these vowels in terms of high-to-low, front-to-back, and rounded or not. --- ### So, that's how we describe consonants and vowels --- ### Wrapping it up - Speech is crazy complicated - The English writing system is a large lagoon of lies - We describe consonants by talking about place, manner, and voicing - The English writing system is a festival of falsehoods - We describe vowels by talking about height, front-back, and rounding - The English writing system is a dumpster of deception - The IPA can save us! --- ### Next time... - More on transcription, and some phonetic phun! --- ### Download an IPA chart and reference guide from Canvas files or take one here! <huge>Thank you!</huge>