### Grab an IPA chart and reference guide (also on the syllabus) --- # Phonetics: The Sounds of Language ### Will Styler - LIGN 101 --- ### Today's Plan - How does speech work? - How can we write down speech? - How do we describe consonants? --- ## How does speech work? --- ### The Speech Process * Flapping bits of meat inside your head while blowing out air * This creates vibrations in the air you're expelling * The ear picks these up, and inteprets them as speech. * This process is studied in **Phonetics** --- ### The Lungs <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/lungs.jpg" alt="lungs.jpg The image is a detailed diagram illustrating the human respiratory system. It shows the internal structures of the body from an anterior (front) view, with labels pointing out various parts of the respiratory tract and lungs. - Sinuses: These are located at the top part of the diagram, just above the nose. They are small cavities filled with air that are connected to the nasal passages. - Throat: This is labeled in the middle section of the image, below the sinuses. It includes the pharynx and larynx (voice box), which are parts of the upper respiratory tract. - Larynx: Also known as the voice box, it is shown just above the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal cords that produce sound when air passes through them during speech or singing. - Trachea: This is a tube-like structure extending from the larynx down to the bronchi. It is labeled in the middle section of the diagram, below the throat. - Bronchial Tube: This is shown branching off from the trachea and leading into each lung. The diagram shows one bronchial tube on the left side and another on the right side. - Bronchioles: These are small branches that further divide the bronchial tubes, leading deeper into the lungs where they connect to the alveoli (tiny air sacs) for gas exchange. - Lungs: The two large, pinkish-red structures at the bottom of the diagram represent the lungs. They are shown on either side and are responsible for breathing in oxygen from the air we inhale and exhaling carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The diagram is a simplified representation to help understand the structure and function of the respiratory system. It does not include any aesthetic elements or additional details beyond what is necessary to identify each part clearly. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Sagittal Sections <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Sagittal Sections <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_will.jpg" alt="sagittalwill.jpg The image provided is a medical scan of a human brain, likely taken using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The scan appears to be in grayscale, which is typical for MRI images. This type of imaging provides detailed cross-sectional views of the body's internal structures without the use of radiation. In this particular image: - The Brain Structure: The main focus is on the brain itself. You can see various parts of the brain including the cerebral hemispheres (the two large, outer sections), which are symmetrical and show intricate folds or gyri. These folds help increase the surface area of the brain. - Gray Matter vs White Matter: The image shows a contrast between gray matter and white matter. Gray matter appears darker in this type of scan because it contains more cell bodies and less myelinated axons, which are the nerve fibers that transmit signals within the nervous system. White matter is lighter due to its high concentration of myelinated axons. - Midline Structures: The midline structures such as the corpus callosum (a band of white matter connecting the two hemispheres) can be seen in this image, though it may not be very prominent depending on the slice and angle of the scan. - Other Brain Regions: Other parts like the cerebellum at the back of the brain are visible but less detailed due to the angle of the scan. There is no text or diagrams present within the image itself that provides additional information about specific areas, measurements, or abnormalities. The scale on the left side indicates a measurement in centimeters (cm), suggesting this might be from an MRI machine with a coordinate system for precise location and size determination. If you need further clarification or have any other questions regarding the medical imaging process or interpretation of brain scans, feel free to ask! This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Flapping bits of meat ("articulation") <img class="r-stretch big" src="phonmedia/nasalsagittal.jpg" alt="nasalsagittal.jpg The image is a detailed anatomical illustration of the human head and neck, focusing on the nasal cavity and pharynx regions. It shows various structures in cross-section view. - Nasal Cavity: The nasal cavity is depicted with its internal structures clearly labeled. The nasal passage is shown at the top left corner, leading into the nasal cavity. - Sinuses: There are labels for frontal sinuses and sphenoid sinus, which are located above and behind the nose. - Conchae/Turbinates Bones: These are labeled as Inferior, Middle, and Superior. They are structures within the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs. - Tonsils: The tonsils, which are part of the immune system, are shown at the back of the throat. There is a label for the Tonsil near the center. - Pharynx: This section includes: - Nasopharynx: Located above the soft palate and behind the nasal cavity. - Oropharynx: Situated below the nasopharynx, it connects to the mouth at the back of the throat. It is labeled with Opening of eustachian tube near its upper part. - Larynx (Voice Box): The larynx is shown at the bottom right corner and includes the epiglottis which covers the trachea when swallowing. The illustration uses a color gradient to differentiate between various tissues, with pink for soft tissue structures like the nasal cavity walls and yellow for bony structures. Labels are clearly written in black text pointing directly to each structure. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Simplified a bit... <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_simple.jpg" alt="sagittalsimple.jpg The image is a detailed diagram illustrating The Vocal Tract, which includes various anatomical parts of the human mouth and throat used for speech production. The diagram is labeled with dotted lines pointing to each part. Starting from the top, there's an outline of the upper jaw or maxilla, which forms the roof of the mouth. This area is labeled as Palate. Below it, you can see a small structure called the Velum, which is involved in controlling airflow during speech and swallowing. Moving down further, we have the Nasal cavity at the back of the nose, which is connected to the throat through an opening. The Oral cavity is shown below this, where sounds are produced by the tongue, lips, teeth, and palate. The Tongue, a muscular organ used for articulating speech, occupies a significant portion in the oral cavity. It's positioned centrally with its tip pointing downward towards the bottom of the diagram. To the left side of the image, there is an outline of the lower jaw or mandible, which includes the Teeth and the Epiglottis, a flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering it when swallowing. The Adam's apple, also known as the laryngeal prominence, is shown on the left side near the throat. The Larynx or voice box is located at the base of the throat and contains the vocal cords (vocal folds). These are essential for producing sound during speech. Below the larynx lies the Trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, which leads to the lungs. On the right side of the diagram, you can see parts of the pharynx, including the Nasal pharynx and Oral pharynx. The Uvula, a small fleshy projection at the back of the throat, is also labeled. Further down, there's an indication for the Laryngeal pharynx. Finally, on the far right side, you can see parts of the digestive system such as the Oesophagus (also known as the esophagus) and the Pharynx, which connects to both the respiratory and digestive tracts. This diagram is a comprehensive representation of how sound travels through these structures during speech production. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### You will not be responsible for any anatomical terms not required for transcription on exams --- ### The Tongue <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/tonguefromside.jpg" alt="tonguefromside.jpg The image is a diagram illustrating the anatomy of the mouth and tongue. It includes labels for various parts of the tongue and surrounding structures. - Tongue: The main part of the tongue is labeled with several sections: tip, blade, front, center, back, root. - Lip: The lips are shown at the bottom left corner of the diagram. - Epiglottis: This structure is located on the right side of the image and is labeled as epiglottis. The diagram provides a clear view of how these parts relate to each other, with labels pointing to specific areas. The tongue appears to be in a relaxed position within the mouth. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/ohgodwhy.jpg" alt="ohgodwhy.jpg The image features a small orange kitten with light-colored eyes sitting on what appears to be a white surface, possibly a bed or a couch. The kitten has a slightly surprised expression and its mouth is open as if it's mid-speech. Its fur looks soft and fluffy. In the background, there are some dark shapes that resemble miniature houses or buildings, suggesting this might be part of a dollhouse set. These structures have details like windows and roofs, but they are not detailed enough to discern specific features clearly due to their small size in comparison to the kitten. The text overlaid on the image reads: OH GOD, WHY WOULD YOU DO THAT? This is written in bold white capital letters against a semi-transparent black background that blends with the darker areas of the image. The text seems to be superimposed onto the photo and does not appear to be part of any printed material within the scene. The overall lighting of the image appears warm, possibly from an indoor light source, which gives it a cozy feel. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Let's do an experiment --- > The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. --- ### Speech is absolutely insane - It's a series of fluid and overlapping gestures - It's amazingly complex - ... and it's nothing like we think it is --- ### How do we wrap our heads around it? - First, we break speech into 'segments' or 'phones' - Then, we figure out how to describe those phones and their properties - This lets us *transcribe* what was said, rather than what words were said - But first you need to realize that... --- ## Your writing system is a trainwreck - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/trainwreck.png" alt="trainwreck.png The image depicts a railway accident scene with several damaged train cars lying on their sides across multiple tracks. The train cars are in various states of disrepair; some have been bent and twisted, while others appear more intact but still show signs of impact. In the foreground, there is a green freight car that has derailed and is resting on its side over the tracks. Its roof is crushed, and it appears to be leaking or damaged at the top. Nearby, another train car with a brownish-green coloration lies on its side as well, with visible damage to its structure. Further back in the image, there are more train cars that have also derailed and are scattered across the tracks. Some of these cars appear to be intact but leaning at odd angles due to the collision or derailment. Several people can be seen near the scene of the accident. They seem to be inspecting the damage or possibly assessing the situation for safety reasons. The individuals vary in appearance, with some wearing darker clothing and others lighter attire. Their postures suggest they are engaged in conversation or observation. The tracks themselves appear to be part of a larger railway system, as there is another set of tracks running parallel to the damaged ones on the right side of the image. The ground around the tracks consists of gravel and dirt, typical for railway infrastructure. In the background, some greenery can be seen, indicating that this accident has occurred in an area with vegetation nearby. There are also some structures visible at a distance, possibly part of the railway station or related facilities. The sky is clear, suggesting it might have been taken during daytime under fair weather conditions. The overall scene conveys a sense of aftermath and investigation following a significant railway incident. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Your writing system is lying to you - Every minute of every day - "They thoroughly and roughly wrought the boughs in the borough, through and through" - C doesn't exist - The 'ee' in 'pee' is silent - The 'e' - TH is neither a t nor an h, and represents two different sounds - ... and if you start thinking about letters, you're going to start struggling - For this class, consider your writing system with the same skepticism you would normally reserve for a guy with a broken bottle walking towards you in a dark alley. --- ### ... but wait, speech is super complicated - Our writing system is lying to us - Many languages don't have writing systems - ... and we still need to write down what was said in them - ## Is there no hope?! --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/surprised_owls.jpg" alt="surprisedowls.jpg The image shows a group of baby owls inside what appears to be a white bucket filled with soil or dirt. The owlets are small and have fluffy feathers that are primarily light brown with darker streaks on their backs, which is typical for young owls. Each owl has large, round eyes that are bright yellow with black pupils, giving them an expressive look. The owlets' feet are visible, and each foot is adorned with a brightly colored band or tag in various colors such as orange, green, blue, pink, and purple. These bands likely serve to identify the individual owls for tracking purposes if they were part of a wildlife rehabilitation program. The owlets seem curious and alert, looking around their environment. Some are perched close together while others have spread out slightly within the bucket. The overall scene suggests that these owlets might be in care or being prepared for release into the wild after recovery from illness or injury. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- (Nah, it's cool, we've got the IPA!) --- ### The International Phonetic Alphabet - A system for *transcribing* what was said, that's based on *describing* individual phones - We'll discuss a reduced set of the IPA focusing on the English language in this class --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_chart.jpg" alt="ipachart.jpg The image is a detailed chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015). It provides a comprehensive guide for representing sounds in the English language and other languages using symbols. The chart is divided into several sections, each focusing on different aspects of phonetics. Consonants The first section lists consonant sounds with their corresponding IPA symbols. These are categorized by place of articulation (where the sound is produced) and manner of articulation (how it's made). For example: - Place of Articulation includes Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Palatoalveolar, Retroflex, Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Glottal. - Manner of Articulation includes Plosive (e.g., p, b), Nasal (e.g., m, n), Fricative (e.g., f, v), Tap or Flap (e.g., t̪, d̪), Laterally Expiratory (e.g., l̪), Approximant (e.g., w). Each consonant sound is represented by a symbol that visually represents the mouth and tongue positions needed to produce the sound. For example: - The p sound is produced with both lips closed. - The b sound involves the lips being apart but vibrating. Vowels The second section focuses on vowel sounds, which are categorized into Front (e.g., i, y), Central (e.g., a, ə), and Back vowels (e.g., u, o). Each vowel is represented by a symbol that shows where in the mouth the sound is produced. For example: - The i sound involves the tongue being high up against the roof of the mouth. - The a sound has the tongue positioned more centrally. Other Symbols The third section includes additional symbols used to represent sounds, such as clicks (e.g., c), voiced implosives (e.g., ɓ), and ejectives (e.g., tsʼ). These are less common but important for certain languages or dialects. Diacritics The fourth section lists diacritical marks that can be added to the basic symbols to modify their pronunciation. For example: - A breve symbol (̃) over a vowel indicates a long, low tone. - An acute accent (´) above a consonant represents aspiration of the sound. Tones and Word Accents The final section explains how tones are represented in the IPA system. There are six primary tones: high (H), mid-high (Hː), mid (M), mid-low (Lː), low (L), and low-falling (Lː). These can be combined to create complex tone patterns. Example of a Sound For instance, the sound b is represented by the symbol /b/. This indicates that it's a bilabial plosive, meaning both lips are closed when producing this sound. The chart provides a visual guide for how to position your mouth and tongue to produce these sounds accurately. This chart serves as an essential tool for linguists, speech therapists, and anyone studying or teaching phonetics. It helps in understanding the precise articulation of sounds across different languages. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### The International Phonetic Alphabet - A system for *transcribing* what was said, that's based on *describing* individual phones - The IPA should be able to transcribe speech in *any* human language or dialect --- ### The IPA allows us to 'transcribe' speech - You throw away the writing system, and write down the *sequence of sounds* being produced - "Black Lives Matter" - In Will's dialect: /blæk lajvz mæɾəɹ/ - Note the /z/, and the /ɾ/ tap, and the lack of "c" --- ### The Entire IPA is shown on the IPA chart <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_chart.jpg" alt="ipachart.jpg The image is a detailed chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015). It provides a comprehensive guide for representing sounds in the English language and other languages using symbols. The chart is divided into several sections, each focusing on different aspects of phonetics. Consonants The first section lists consonant sounds with their corresponding IPA symbols. These are categorized by place of articulation (where the sound is produced) and manner of articulation (how it's made). For example: - Place of Articulation includes Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Palatoalveolar, Retroflex, Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Glottal. - Manner of Articulation includes Plosive (e.g., p, b), Nasal (e.g., m, n), Fricative (e.g., f, v), Tap or Flap (e.g., t̪, d̪), Laterally Expiratory (e.g., l̪), Approximant (e.g., w). Each consonant sound is represented by a symbol that visually represents the mouth and tongue positions needed to produce the sound. For example: - The p sound is produced with both lips closed. - The b sound involves the lips being apart but vibrating. Vowels The second section focuses on vowel sounds, which are categorized into Front (e.g., i, y), Central (e.g., a, ə), and Back vowels (e.g., u, o). Each vowel is represented by a symbol that shows where in the mouth the sound is produced. For example: - The i sound involves the tongue being high up against the roof of the mouth. - The a sound has the tongue positioned more centrally. Other Symbols The third section includes additional symbols used to represent sounds, such as clicks (e.g., c), voiced implosives (e.g., ɓ), and ejectives (e.g., tsʼ). These are less common but important for certain languages or dialects. Diacritics The fourth section lists diacritical marks that can be added to the basic symbols to modify their pronunciation. For example: - A breve symbol (̃) over a vowel indicates a long, low tone. - An acute accent (´) above a consonant represents aspiration of the sound. Tones and Word Accents The final section explains how tones are represented in the IPA system. There are six primary tones: high (H), mid-high (Hː), mid (M), mid-low (Lː), low (L), and low-falling (Lː). These can be combined to create complex tone patterns. Example of a Sound For instance, the sound b is represented by the symbol /b/. This indicates that it's a bilabial plosive, meaning both lips are closed when producing this sound. The chart provides a visual guide for how to position your mouth and tongue to produce these sounds accurately. This chart serves as an essential tool for linguists, speech therapists, and anyone studying or teaching phonetics. It helps in understanding the precise articulation of sounds across different languages. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Important Note: Most Online IPA Charts with Sound are awful! - ipachart.com is bad and should feel bad - <https://savethevowels.org/ipa> is not - [Here's the International Phonetic Association's Version](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html) - If you're just typing IPA, you can use [this tool](https://wstyler.ucsd.edu/intipa/#/keyboard) - Use the quick reference guide too! --- ### We have a new tool! ## <http://savethevowels.org/ipa> - Give this a try to see audio and video of IPA sounds! --- ### To understand the IPA, you need to understand how sounds work --- ## How do we describe how speech sounds are made? --- ### We break the world into two kinds of speech sounds - **Consonants:** Constrict, obstruct, or divert air in the vocal tract when being produced - **Vowels:** Shape the (unobstructed) vocal tract to change the sound emitted --- ## Describing Consonants --- ### Three steps to describing Consonants * We need to know three things: * **Place**: Where is the sound made? * **Manner**: What are we doing there? * **Voicing**: Are we making voicing? --- ## Place --- ### Place of Articulation - Where is the sound being made? --- ### Place <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_flesh.jpg" alt="sagittalflesh.jpg The image is a detailed anatomical illustration of the human head and neck, focusing on the structures involved in speech and swallowing. The illustration is labeled with numerous terms indicating various parts of the anatomy. Here's a breakdown: - Top Left Corner: - There are sinuses labeled as Frontal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, and Middle nasal concha. These are air-filled spaces within the skull that connect to the nose. - Top Center: - The Nasopharynx is shown, which is part of the throat behind the soft palate. It connects with the back of the nose. - Center Left: - The Soft palate, Hard palate, and Tonsils are labeled. These structures form the roof of the mouth. - Center Right: - The Epiglottis is shown, which covers the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing to prevent food from entering it. - Bottom Left: - The Larynx, also known as the voice box, is depicted. It contains structures like the vocal cords and the thyroid cartilage. - Bottom Center: - The Trachea (windpipe) extends downward from the larynx into the chest. - Bottom Right: - The Esophagus, which is part of the digestive system, connects to the stomach. It's shown running alongside the trachea and the cervical vertebrae. The illustration also includes labels for muscles such as: - Genioglossus muscle (tongue) - Mylohyoid muscle - Hyoid bone Additionally, there are labels for other structures like the Cervical vertebrae, Intervertebral disk, and parts of the skull. This image is a cross-sectional view that provides insight into how different parts of the head and neck work together to facilitate breathing, speaking, and swallowing. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Place <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sagittal_labeled.png" alt="sagittallabeled.png The image is a detailed diagram illustrating the anatomy of the human mouth and throat, focusing on the structures involved in speech production. The diagram includes labels for various parts of the oral cavity and pharynx. At the top left corner, there's an area labeled Nasal cavity, which represents the part of the respiratory tract above the soft palate where air passes through during breathing and speech that involves nasal sounds (like ng in sing). Below this is a detailed view of the mouth. The diagram shows the lips at the very front, followed by the teeth, tongue tip, alveolar ridge (the bumpy part on top of your teeth), palate (the roof of the mouth), uvula (a small hanging structure at the back of the throat), and finally the velum (the soft palate). The diagram also highlights the tongue in different positions: one labeled as Tongue (rest position) which is relaxed, another as Tongue (raised) indicating a raised tongue position for certain sounds or speech activities. Further down, there's an area labeled larynx, which includes the epiglottis and glottis. The epiglottis is shown in its resting position over the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food from entering it when swallowing. The glottis is depicted as a small opening between vocal folds, which are not visible but play a crucial role in producing sound. On the right side of the diagram, there's a table that lists various anatomical structures and their corresponding adjectives describing where they are located within the mouth or throat. These include labial (lips), alveolar, palatal, uvular, velar, laryngeal, and glottal. This diagram is a useful tool for understanding how different parts of the mouth work together to produce speech sounds, emphasizing the role of each structure in articulation. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Place * **Bilabial**: As in "***b***oy" * **Labiodental**: As in "***V***ote" * **Interdental**: As in "***Th***ose" * **Alveolar**: As in "***T***o***t***e***s***!" - Your alveolars may be *dental* * **Postalveolar**: As in "***J***u***dge***" - Your textbook calls these 'palatal' - We'll accept either for this class * **Velar**: As in "**C**lam**k**i**ng** * **Glottal**: As in "Uh***-***oh!" --- <section class="clicker"></section> ### The first and last sounds in "King" are... A) **Bilabial**: As in "***B***at***m***an isn't ***m***e!" B) **Labiodental**: As in "***V***owels aren't ***f***oul!" C) **Alveolar**: As in "***T***o***t***e***s*** ***l***i***t***!" D) **Postalveolar**: As in "***J***u***dgy*** ***Ch***eetahs" E) **Velar**: As in "**G**o **c**all you**ng** **c**arpenters" --- ### The first and last sounds in "King" are... A) **Bilabial**: As in "***B***at***m***an isn't ***m***e!" B) **Labiodental**: As in "***V***owels aren't ***f***oul!" C) **Alveolar**: As in "***T***o***t***e***s*** ***l***i***t***!" D) **Postalveolar**: As in "***J***u***dgy*** ***Ch***eetahs" E) <correct>**Velar**: As in "**G**o **c**all you**ng** **c**arpenters"</correct> --- ### There are other places English doesn't use - 'Uvular' sounds are made involving the uvula - As Cardi B says, 'that little dangly thang that swang in the back of my throat' - The French "r" sound in 'rouge' - 'Retroflex' sounds curl the tongue up and back - Present in Hindi/Urdu, as well as many other languages! --- ### Reference Diagrams for Place of Articulation --- ### Bilabial <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_bilabial.jpg" alt="sagbilabial.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a person's head and part of their neck. The lines are minimalistic and abstract, suggesting features such as hair, ears, and the outline of the face. There are no colors in this sketch; it consists solely of black lines on a white background. - Hair: The top portion of the drawing includes what appears to be hair, indicated by several curved lines that suggest strands or waves. - Ears: On either side of the head, there are small shapes that resemble ears. These are simple and not detailed. - Face Outline: The outline of the face is basic, with a smooth curve for the jawline and a straight line for the top of the head. - Neck: A short line extends from the bottom of the head to represent the neck. There are no texts or numbers present in this image. The style is very abstract and lacks detailed features that would typically be found in a more realistic drawing. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Bilabial <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Dental <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_dental.jpg" alt="sagdental.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and styled in a way that it falls over the ears and slightly down the back of the neck. There are no other objects or text present within this image. The drawing is minimalistic with no additional details such as eyes, nose, mouth, or facial features. The lines are clean and do not include any shading or texture to suggest depth or volume. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Alveolar <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_alveolar.jpg" alt="sagalveolar.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and slightly wavy, with some strands falling over the forehead. There are no distinct facial features such as eyes, nose, or mouth depicted in this minimalist style. The drawing is monochromatic, using only black lines on a white background. There are no colors, textures, or additional elements present in the image. The simplicity of the line work suggests it might be an abstract representation rather than a detailed portrait. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Alveolar <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Retroflex <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_retroflex.jpg" alt="sagretroflex.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a person's face viewed from the side. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the head and facial features without any shading or color. - Head Shape: The top part of the head is rounded with a slightly pointed chin. - Hair: There appears to be hair on the top of the head, indicated by a few curved lines above the forehead. - Eyes: The eyes are represented by two small, curved lines near the center of the face. They do not have any detail such as pupils or eyelashes. - Nose: A small, straight line is drawn below the eyes to represent the nose. - Mouth: The mouth is depicted with a simple curve that suggests an open position. The drawing does not include any text or additional elements beyond these basic facial features. There are no numbers or figures present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Retroflex <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Palatal <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_palatal.jpg" alt="sagpalatal.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and neatly styled, with some strands falling over the forehead and around the sides of the head. The facial features include a prominent nose, defined cheekbones, and a slightly open mouth that gives the impression of a smile or a neutral expression. The eyes are not detailed but are suggested by small lines above the nose, indicating where they would be located if visible. There is no text or additional diagrams present in this image. The drawing style is minimalistic, focusing solely on the outline and basic features without any shading or color. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Palatal <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Velar <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_velar.jpg" alt="sagvelar.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a person's head and shoulders from a side profile view. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face, hair, and neck. - Head: The head is turned slightly towards the left, showing one ear and part of the cheek. The jawline is defined with a slight curve. - Hair: The hair appears to be short on top but extends down past the shoulders in a wavy manner. It is drawn with curved lines that suggest movement or texture. - Neck: A straight line connects the head to the neck, which is relatively thin and smooth. The drawing style is minimalistic, using only black lines against a white background without any shading or additional details like eyes, nose, mouth, or facial features. There are no numbers, text, or other elements present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Velar <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Uvular <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_uvular.jpg" alt="saguvular.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and shoulders. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short on top with some strands falling over the ears and down the back of the neck. There are no distinct facial features such as eyes, nose, or mouth depicted in this drawing. The style is minimalist, using only black lines against a white background. There are no colors, text, numbers, or other elements present in the image to provide additional context or detail. The simplicity of the drawing suggests it might be an abstract representation rather than a detailed portrait. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Uvular <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ## Manner of Articulation --- ### Manner "So what are you doing with the articulators?" --- ### Manner * **Stops**: Stop the airflow (also called 'plosives') - As in '**c**a**t** **d**o**ck**e**t**' * ***Taps***: Throw your tongue against the roof of your mouth - As in 'la**t**er la**dd**er wi**nn**ers' * **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds - As in '**f**la**sh**y **s**o**v**iet **sh**i**f**ter**s**' * **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose - As in 'wi**ng** **m**a**n** ' --- ### Oral Stop (/d/) <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_alveolar.jpg" alt="sagalveolar.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears to be short and slightly wavy, with some strands falling over the forehead. There are no distinct facial features such as eyes, nose, or mouth depicted in this minimalist style. The drawing is monochromatic, using only black lines on a white background. There are no colors, textures, or additional elements present in the image. The simplicity of the line work suggests it might be an abstract representation rather than a detailed portrait. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Oral Stop (/d/) <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Nasal Stop (/n/) <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/sag_nasal.jpg" alt="sagnasal.jpg The image is a simple line drawing of a side profile of a human head and neck. The lines are smooth and continuous, forming the outline of the face and hair. The hair appears short and is drawn with a few curved lines at the top, suggesting it might be styled in a way that frames the face. The facial features include an open mouth, which could indicate speaking or singing, and a nose with a small tip. The eyes are not detailed but are represented by two curved lines above the nose, giving the impression of closed eyelids. The ears are depicted as simple shapes on either side of the head, close to where the hair ends. The neck is drawn with a few wavy lines that suggest movement or perhaps a slight bend in the neck. There are no other elements such as text, numbers, or additional figures present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Nasal Stop (/n/) <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### Manner (Continued) * **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place - As in '**y**ou **w**ill' * **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue - As in '**l**atera**l**s' --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/preferredmannerstop.jpg" alt="preferredmannerstop.jpg The image features a close-up photograph of a cat with white and dark brown fur. The cat has a distinct frowning expression, with dark patches around its eyes and ears, giving it a grumpy appearance. It is being held by a person whose hand is visible on the left side of the frame and who appears to be wearing blue denim jeans on the right. Overlaid on the image is white text in all capital letters with a black outline. At the top, the text reads: MY PREFERRED MANNER OF ARTICULATION? Near the bottom, below the cat's chest, the text reads: STOP. In the very bottom right corner, there is a small watermark that says quickmeme.com. The cat in the image is widely known as Grumpy Cat. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### The initial sounds in "Taco Bell" are... A) **Stops**: Stop the airflow B) **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### The initial sounds in "Taco Bell" are... A)<correct> **Stops**: Stop the airflow</correct> B) **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue --- ### The initial sounds in "Vaguely Silly Phantom Show" are... <section class="clicker"></section> A) **Stops**: Stop the airflow B) **Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue --- ### The initial sounds in "Vaguely Silly Phantom Show" are... A) **Stops**: Stop the airflow B) <correct>**Fricatives**: Constrict the airflow to make sounds</correct> C) **Nasals**: Channel the air out the nose D) **Approximants**: Bring the tongue *toward* the place E) **Laterals**: Channel air *around* the tongue --- ## Voicing --- ### Voicing * Is the larynx buzzing, or not? --- Content Warning: Things are about to get weird. --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> [Video Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwAR7J9471M) --- ### This is not the only such video - [Here's one featuring Will Ramos of Lorna Shore](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua8SuWNPrLE) getting scoped during heavy metal vocals! - The twisting his larynx can do is *incredibly* unusual, and really cool! --- ### Let's pretend we're snakes eating bees! <img class="r-stretch tall" src="phonmedia/snakesbees.jpg" alt="snakesbees.jpg The image contains two distinct animals: a bee on the left side and a snake on the right side. 1. Bee: - The bee is positioned towards the left of the image. - It has a yellow and black striped body, which is typical for bees. - Its wings are translucent with visible veins running through them. - The head of the bee is facing downward slightly to the right. - The antennae are long and extend forward from its head. 2. Snake: - The snake is located on the right side of the image. - It has a dark, almost black color with some lighter markings or patterns along its body. - Its body is coiled in an S-shape, which is common for snakes when they are resting or moving slowly. - The head of the snake is facing towards the left and slightly downward. The background of the image is plain white, which helps to highlight the animals without any distractions. There are no other objects or text present in this image. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Voiced vs. Voiceless - Cat - Bob - Month - Those - Crash - Judge --- ### The initial sounds in "Phonetics wins popularity" are... A) All Voiced B) All Voiceless C) Voiceless, Voiced, Voiceless D) Voiced, Voiceless, Voiced E) None of the above <section class="clicker"></section> --- ### The initial sounds in "Phonetics wins popularity" are... A) All Voiced B) All Voiceless C) <correct>Voiceless, Voiced, Voiceless</correct> D) Voiced, Voiceless, Voiced E) None of the above --- ### Three steps to describing Consonants * We need to know three things: * **Place**: Where is the sound made? * **Manner**: What are we doing there? * **Voicing**: Are we making voicing? --- ### All consonants can be described this way - /m/ - Voiced Bilabial Nasal - /t/ - Voiceless Alveolar Stop - /g/ - Voiced Velar Stop - /f/ - Voiceless Labiodental Fricative --- ### There are a couple of weird ones - /ɹ/ - The English "R", a voiced 'alveolar' approximant - "Reed read the wrong resolution" - Super weird - /w/ - A voiced labio-velar approximant - "Will would wisely watch the wind" - Has a voiceless version ("Cool whip" from Family Guy) --- ### 'Affricates' If you combine a fricative and a stop, you get an affricate - **J**u**dg**e (d͡ʒʌd͡ʒ) - **Ch**eese (t͡ʃiz) - Ca**ts** (kæts) --- Once we've organized sounds by place, manner, and voicing, we have... --- ### English Consonants <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_consonants_english.jpg" alt="ipaconsonantsenglish.jpg The image is a phonetic chart that categorizes sounds based on their articulation points in the mouth and throat. It is divided into several columns representing different types of consonants: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal, nasal, trill, tap or flap, fricative, lateral fricative, approximant, and lateral approximant. Each column contains symbols that represent specific sounds. The rows are labeled with the types of consonants: - Bilabial: p b - Labiodental: f v - Dental: t d - Alveolar: n l r s z ʃ ʒ - Postalveolar: ts dz ʧ ʤ - Retroflex: k g ʈ ɖ - Palatal: c j ɕ ʑ - Velar: q G ɢ - Uvular: χ y ʁ - Pharyngeal: h - Glottal: ? ʔ Each cell in the chart contains a phonetic symbol, which represents how the sound is produced. For example: - 'p' and 'b' are bilabial stops. - 'f' and 'v' are labiodental fricatives. - 't' and 'd' are dental stops. - 'n', 'l', 'r', 's', 'z', 'ʃ', and 'ʒ' are alveolar sounds, with different articulations for each. The chart also includes a note at the bottom that explains how symbols appear in pairs. The one to the right represents a voiced consonant, while the shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible based on human speech capabilities. There are no people or characters depicted in this image; it is purely an educational tool used by linguists and phoneticians to understand and describe sounds of different languages. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="phonmedia/ipa_conschart_reading.jpg" alt="ipaconschartreading.jpg The image is a chart that illustrates different aspects of speech sounds based on two main categories: Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation. The chart is organized into a grid with rows labeled as Manner of Articulation and columns labeled as Place of Articulation. Manner of Articulation: - Voiceless: Sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating. - Voiced: Sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating. Place of Articulation: - Front of Mouth: Sounds made near or at the front part of the mouth, such as sounds involving the lips and teeth. - Back of Mouth: Sounds made further back in the mouth, often involving the tongue and soft palate. The chart is divided into cells where each cell represents a combination of Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation. For example: - The top-left cell (Voiceless / Front of Mouth) contains information about sounds produced without vibration at the front part of the mouth. - The bottom-right cell (Voiced / Back of Mouth) contains information about sounds that are voiced and made further back in the mouth. The chart is designed to help understand how different combinations of manner and place can produce various speech sounds. Each cell likely contains specific examples or descriptions related to those particular sound types, though these details are not provided within this description. This type of chart is commonly used in phonetics and linguistics to classify and analyze the production of human speech sounds. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- <img class="r-stretch wide" src="phonmedia/ipa_consonants.jpg" alt="ipaconsonants.jpg The image is a chart titled THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005). It provides a detailed representation of consonants and vowels used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The chart is divided into sections, with each section representing different types of sounds produced by the human vocal tract. Consonants (PULMONIC) The consonant section is further divided into rows based on the manner of articulation: - Bilabial: Sounds made using both lips. - Examples: /p/, /b/ - Labiodental: Sounds made with the lower lip and upper teeth. - Example: /f/ - Dental: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the upper front teeth. - Example: /t/, /d/ - Alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (the bony prominence behind the upper front teeth). - Examples: /n/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t/, /d/, /θ/, /ð/ - Post-alveolar: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against a point slightly further back than alveolar. - Example: /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - Palatal: Sounds made with the tip or blade of the tongue against the hard palate (the roof of the mouth). - Examples: /c/, /ɟ/, /ç/, /ʝ/, /χ/, /ʁ/ - Velar: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against the soft palate. - Examples: /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/, /j/, /ɰ/ - Uvular: Sounds made with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula (the fleshy part at the back of the throat). - Example: /q/ - Pharyngeal: Sounds made in the pharynx, behind the soft palate. - Examples: /ħ/, /ʕ/ - Glottal: Sounds made with vibrations from the vocal cords. - Examples: /ʔ/ Vowels The vowel section is not fully visible or detailed in this description. It typically includes a chart showing different positions of the tongue and lips to produce various vowel sounds. Additional Notes: - The chart also indicates which symbols are voiced consonants (the one on the right represents a voiced version). - Some articulations are marked as judged impossible with shading. - The copyright notice at the bottom reads: © 2005 IPA. This chart is an essential tool for linguists, phoneticians, and students of languages to understand and represent sounds accurately. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Can't figure out where in the mouth that is? Ask [Sammy the Interactive Sagittal Section](http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/)! - Or check UBC's [Enunciate](https://enunciate.arts.ubc.ca/) site --- ### So, that's consonants. - We'll talk about vowels next time! - But those are described also by thinking about where your tongue is in your mouth - And what your lips are doing! --- ## Let's Practice! --- ### Every vowel here is /i/ - BBs - Meat - Sheen - Thief - Reap - Cheek - Weeder --- ### Spoiler alert --- ### Every vowel here is /i/ - BBs /bibiz/ - Meat /mit/ - Sheen /ʃin/ - Thief /θif/ - Reap /ɹip/ - Cheek /t͡ʃik/ - Wheel /wil/ --- ### Every vowel here is /ɛ/ - Wrecked - Them - Gem - Hedge - Geth --- ### Spoiler Alert --- ### Every vowel here is /ɛ/ - Wrecked /ɹɛkt/ - Them /ðɛm/ - Gem /d͡ʒɛm/ - Hedge /hɛd͡ʒ/ - Geth /gɛθ/ --- ### Every vowel here is /ɑ/ - Song - Wrought - Shop - Rot - Thought - Chop --- ### Spoiler Alert --- ### Every vowel here is /ɑ/ - Song /sɑŋ/ - Wrought /ɹɑt/ - Shop /ʃɑp/ - Rot /ɹɑt/ - Thought /θɑt/ - Chop /t͡ʃɑp/ --- ### So, that's how we describe consonants - Place, manner, and voicing! - Vowels talk about the height of the tongue, the front-backness of the tongue, and the rounding of the lips - ... and we have way more of them than the writing system makes you believe! --- ### Wrapping it up - Speech is crazy complicated - The English writing system is a large lagoon of lies - We describe consonants by talking about place, manner, and voicing - The English writing system is a festival of falsehoods - You can use your knowledge of articulation to help with transcription - The English writing system is a dumpster of deception - The IPA can save us! --- ### Next time... - Vowels, more on transcription, and some phonetic phun! --- ### Download an IPA chart and reference guide from the syllabus or take one here! <huge>Thank you!</huge>