<img class="r-stretch big" src="morphology/raytheon.jpg" alt="raytheon.jpg This image is a diagram illustrating the various evolutionary forms of a Pokémon character named Eevee, arranged in a circle around a central figure. However, one of the positions at the bottom has been replaced with an image of a missile. At the very center of the image stands Eevee. It is a small, quadrupedal creature resembling a fox or squirrel. It has light brown fur on its body and head, large black eyes, and large pointed ears with dark brown insides. Around its neck is a thick, fluffy cream-colored ruff of fur. Its tail is bushy with a brown tip. Below the character is the text Eevee in black, and underneath that, inside a grey box, is the word Normal. Surrounding Eevee are eight other characters, each connected to the center by a white arrow made of grey chevrons pointing outward. Each character has a name label and a colored box indicating their elemental type. Going clockwise from the top left: 1. Vaporeon: Located at the top left. It is an aquatic creature with light blue skin. It has fin-like ears, a collar of white frills around its neck, and a tail that resembles a fish's tail. The text below reads Vaporeon and inside a blue box is the word Water. 2. Jolteon: Located at the top center. This character is golden yellow with spiky fur covering most of its body. It has a cream-colored ruff around its neck similar to Eevee's but more jagged. The text reads Jolteon and inside an orange box is the word Electric. 3. Flareon: Located at the top right. This creature is primarily orange with a large, fluffy cream-colored mane or ruff around its neck and head. It has pointed ears with dark insides. The text reads Flareon and inside a red box is the word Fire. 4. Umbreon: Located on the middle right side. This character is dark grey or black with yellow rings on its forehead, ears, legs, and tail tip. It has red eyes. The text reads Umbreon and inside a brown box is the word Dark. 5. Leafeon: Located at the bottom right. This creature is cream-colored with green leaf-like appendages growing from its ears and tail. The text reads Leafeon and inside a green box is the word Grass. 6. Glaceon: Located at the bottom left. This character is pale blue and white with pointed, ice-shard-like ears and a tail that looks like an icicle. The text reads Glaceon and inside a cyan box is the word Ice. 7. Espeon: Located on the middle left side. This creature has lavender or light purple fur. It has large triangular ears with dark insides and a long, slender tail that curves upward. The text reads Espeon and inside a pink box is the word Psychic. At the bottom center, replacing what would normally be another evolution, there is a rectangular image showing a missile launching into a blue sky with white clouds. The missile is grey with black fins and is emitting orange flames from its rear engine. Below this image is large red text that reads Raytheon. Underneath that is a small dashed box containing three question marks: ???. A thick arrow made of red chevrons points downward from the central Eevee directly to this missile image. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- # Syntax 3: Syntax is a Life Sentence ### Will Styler - LIGN 101 --- ### Today's Plan - A bit more tree growth - All that we're leaving behind --- ### Syntactic Ambiguity is Everywhere! <img class="r-stretch" src="img/caramelizedbaconwedgesalad.jpg" alt="caramelizedbaconwedgesalad.jpg This image displays a close-up view of a menu item printed on light tan or beige paper. At the very top edge, partially cut off by the frame, there is faint text that appears to read caesar dressing followed by the number 18. Below this, centered in large, bold, black capital letters, is the title: CARAMELIZED BACON WEDGE SALAD. Underneath the title, the ingredients are listed in a smaller, cursive, handwritten-style font across two lines: iceberg lettuce, caramelized bacon, cherry tomatoes, blue cheese crumbles, blue cheese dressing 20 The number 20 appears at the end of the second line, indicating the price. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Grab some scratch paper - That's right, we're killing trees to make trees! --- <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### OK, let's start off with something easy! --- ### Jessica dislikes that her silly husband cooked a big squishy tofurkey for their romantic dinner --- - Let's take it piece by piece :) - Work through each chunk - Click in with 'B' when you start a chunk, and 'A' when you finish, and 'E' if you're lost --- ### Jessica <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_jessicatofu_jessica.jpg" alt="treejessicatofujessicatex [NP [N' [N Jessica ] ] ]"> --- ### Her silly husband <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_jessicatofu_hersilly.jpg" alt="treejessicatofuhersillytex [NP [DET her ] [N' [ADJ silly ] [N' [N husband ] ] ] ]"> --- ### A big, squishy tofurkey <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_jessicatofu_tofurkey.jpg" alt="treejessicatofutofurkeytex [NP [DET a ] [N' [ADJ big ] [N' [ADJ squishy ] [N' [N tofurkey ] ] ] ] ]"> --- ### For their romantic dinner <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_jessicatofu_pp.jpg" alt="treejessicatofupptex [PP [P for ] [NP [DET their ] [N' [ADJ romantic ] [N' [N dinner ] ] ] ] ]"> --- ### Cooked a big squishy tofurkey for their romantic dinner <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_jessicatofu_mainvp.jpg" alt="treejessicatofumainvptex [VP [VP [V cooked ] [NP [DET a ] [N' [ADJ big ] [N' [ADJ squishy ] [N' [N tofurkey ] ] ] ] ] ] [PP [P for ] [NP [DET their ] [N' [ADJ romantic ] [N' [N dinner ] ] ] ] ] ]"> --- ### That her silly husband cooked a big squishy tofurkey for their romantic dinner <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_jessicatofu_comp.jpg" alt="treejessicatofucomptex [CP [C that ] [S [NP [DET her ] [N' [ADJ silly ] [N' [N husband ] ] ] ] [VP [VP [V cooked ] [NP [DET a ] [N' [ADJ big ] [N' [ADJ squishy ] [N' [N tofurkey ] ] ] ] ] ] [PP [P for ] [NP [DET their ] [N' [ADJ romantic ] [N' [N dinner ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]"> --- ### Jessica dislikes that her silly husband cooked a big squishy tofurkey for their romantic dinner <https://padlet.com/wstyler/ebl0u0v2ukq3> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_jessicatofu.jpg" alt="treejessicatofutex [S [NP [N' [N Jessica ] ] ] [VP [V dislikes ] [CP [C that ] [S [NP [DET her ] [N' [ADJ silly ] [N' [N husband ] ] ] ] [VP [VP [V cooked ] [NP [DET a ] [N' [ADJ big ] [N' [ADJ squishy ] [N' [N tofurkey ] ] ] ] ] ] [PP [P for ] [NP [DET their ] [N' [ADJ romantic ] [N' [N dinner ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]"> --- ### For the record, Tofurkeys are gross - Great for comedy, poor for eating --- <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> (Thanks to Cae, Fall 2022) --- Here's another one! --- ### The prescriptivist English Professor glared at the rebellious linguist --- Spoiler alert. --- ### The prescriptivist English Professor glared at the rebellious linguist --- <img class="r-stretch" src="diagrams/tree_engprof.jpg" alt="treeengproftex [S [NP [DET The ] [N' [ADJ prescriptivist ] [N' [ADJ English ] [N' [N Professor ] ] ] ] ] [VP [V glared ] [PP [P at ] [NP [DET the ] [N' [ADJ rebellious ] [N' [N Linguist ] ] ] ] ] ] ]"> --- ### OK, OK, enough with the trees! - Yeah, I know. --- ### This is the problem with LIGN 101 - There's too much awesomeness to Syntax for me to cover in three classes - We need to focus on what's crucial - (You all understanding syntactic hierarchy) - ... over what's awesome - Cross-linguistic patterns and advanced syntactic questions --- ### ... and a whole lot has been dismissed as "Here there be dragons" --- # Introducing some Dragons <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/smaug.jpg" alt="smaug.jpg The image depicts a dramatic scene featuring a large dragon with a fierce expression. The dragon's scales are dark brown and textured, giving it an intimidating appearance. Its eyes are glowing red, adding to its menacing look. The dragon is positioned in the foreground, dominating the frame. In the background, there appears to be a person standing near what looks like a door or entrance. This individual seems to be dressed in dark clothing that blends somewhat with the surroundings, possibly indicating they are part of this fantastical setting. The lighting in the scene is warm and golden, creating an atmosphere that suggests either dawn, dusk, or perhaps a magical environment. The overall composition of the image conveys a sense of tension and anticipation, as if something significant is about to happen between the dragon and the person standing nearby. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## English Syntax is *way* more complicated --- ### We're looking at relatively simple sentences - (It may not feel that way, but we are!) --- ### "Truly, my dismay that three dragons were slain by the fame-craving knight couldn't be greater." - Your phrase structure rules will shatter against such pain. --- ### "Robert who came last weekend when you threw that party where Marvin saw Bob is kind of a jerk." - That's right, that's two S's inside an NP --- ### Also, sentences will do weird things - Weird things will be done by sentences. - Weird things will be the things that sentences do. - What will sentences do? - Will sentences do weird things? --- ### Passive Voice - Miguel threw Rajesh the ball. - Rajesh was thrown the ball. - **Passive voice turns the object of a sentence into the subject** --- ### This is a 200 foot pole <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/long_pole.jpg" alt="longpole.jpg The image depicts a scene involving large logs of wood placed on what appears to be a paved road. The logs are substantial in size, with one prominently displayed in the foreground lying horizontally across the road. This log has a light-colored bark and a darker, reddish-brown interior visible where it has been cut. In the background, there is another person standing near more logs that are stacked upright. The individual appears to be wearing dark clothing and seems to be engaged with the logs or possibly inspecting them. The setting suggests an outdoor environment, likely in a rural area given the presence of mountains in the distance and sparse vegetation visible on the hillsides. The road itself looks like it is made of asphalt and has some cracks and patches, indicating wear over time. There are also some scattered pieces of wood or debris along the side of the road near where the logs are placed. In summary, this image captures a scene involving large logs being handled in what seems to be an outdoor setting with mountains in the background. The person present appears to be involved in activities related to these logs, possibly preparing them for transport or storage. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> - The passive voice will not be touched with it --- ### This makes us think about 'movement' and 'transformation' - Phrase structure rules don't account for changes --- ### Jessica can buy Cheerios - Can Jessica buy Cheerios? - It was Jessica who bought the Cheerios - Cheerios are what Jessica bought - Who can buy Cheerios? - What can Jessica buy? - Jessica can buy what? --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/jessica_buy_what.jpg" alt="jessicabuywhat.jpg The image is a vibrant and colorful scene from what appears to be a video or a still frame of one. It features two individuals in a grocery store aisle, specifically focusing on cereal boxes. In the foreground, there's a person with short hair wearing a blue shirt. The individual seems to be speaking or reacting to something, as their mouth is open and they appear animated. Their face has been edited into the image, giving it a humorous or exaggerated look that suggests surprise or excitement. The background shows another person holding up a box of Cheerios cereal with a red arrow pointing towards it. This second individual appears to be in motion, possibly walking through the aisle while holding the cereal box. The person's hair is light-colored and they are wearing what looks like a dark top. The text overlay on the image reads: JESSICA CAN BUY WHAT?! in bold, yellow letters with an exclamation mark, indicating that this might be part of a game or challenge where someone named Jessica is trying to guess which cereal she can buy. The font and style suggest it's meant for entertainment purposes. The cereal boxes are prominently displayed on shelves, including Cheerios and another brand labeled as Monster Puffs. These cereals have bright packaging with colorful designs that stand out against the background of the store aisle. The overall setting is well-lit, typical of a grocery store environment. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> (Thanks Jaron from W22!) --- ### The movement... it's everywhere - Your book gets a bit deeper into this than we have time to - ... but it's cooooooool. --- ## Here's a fun dragon --- ### Garden Path Sentences Sentences which are easy to incorrectly parse at first --- ### Example Garden Paths - The old man the boat. - The complex houses married soldiers and their families. - The girl told the story cried. - The man who whistles tunes pianos. - The war on plastic faces setback as cost of recycled material soars - This is from [the Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/13/war-on-plastic-waste-faces-setback-as-cost-of-recycled-material-soars), and was fixed with 'plastic waste' after publication --- ### The horse raced past the barn fell --- <img class="r-stretch" src="img/horseraced_harley.jpg" alt="horseracedharley.jpg The user wants a detailed description of an image containing a syntactic tree diagram. I need to describe the structure, the text within it, and the relationships between the nodes. The target audience is a blind student, so I need to be explicit about spatial relationships (top, bottom, left, right) and connections (lines connecting words). Image Analysis: - Type of image: A syntactic tree diagram (phrase structure grammar). - Content: It breaks down the sentence The horse that e was raced past the barn fell. - Structure: It's a hierarchical tree. - Top node: S (Sentence) - Branches to NP and VP. - The NP branch splits into D, N, and another NP. - Wait, let me look closer at the connections. - Top S branches left to NP and right to VP. - Left NP branches down to D (The) and N (horse). But wait, there's a line going further down. Let's trace carefully. - Actually, looking at the bottom part, it seems like a stacking or recursive structure often used in linguistics to show movement or specific grammatical rules (like iACK!). This looks like a specific diagram from a linguistics textbook or paper, possibly related to The horse that raced past the barn fell. but with an extra e and some complex bottom connections. - Let's re-examine the whole tree structure from top to bottom. Top Level: - Root node: S (Sentence) at the very top center. - It branches into two main children: NP (Noun Phrase) on the left and VP (Verb Phrase) on the right. Left Branch (The NP side): - The NP node branches down to three items: 1. D (Determiner) -> connects to The 2. N (Noun) -> connects to horse 3. Another NP node below it? No, let's look at the lines. - The top NP connects to D (The) and N (horse). Wait, there is a line going from the top NP down to another NP node further right? No, that's an S' node. - Let's trace the lines carefully. - Top NP connects to: - D (Determiner) -> The - N (Noun) -> horse - Wait, looking at the layout, there is a line from the top NP going down-right to another NP. Let's trace that. - Actually, it looks like: Top S -> Left NP. This NP branches into D (The) and N (horse). BUT, there is also a branch going to an S' node? No, let's look at the labels under the words. - Under The: D. Under horse: N. - Under that: C (Complementizer). - Under e: NP (empty noun phrase?). - Under was: Aux (Auxiliary verb). - Under raced: Vcol (Verb, collocation? or just V with a subscript). - Under past: P (Preposition). - Under the: D. - Under barn: N. - Under fell: V. Let's try to map the tree structure based on standard linguistic trees. - S (top) splits into NP and VP. - The NP on the left seems to encompass The horse that e was raced past the barn. This is a complex NP. - Let's look at the connections again. - Top NP connects to: - D (The) - N (horse) - Wait, there is a line connecting the top NP to an S' node? No, looking closely at the junction above that. - There is a node labeled S' (S-bar). It connects to: - C (that) - S (Sentence) - The S below S' connects to: - NP (which has an empty element e under it? No, the label is NP above e). Let's look at the labels under the words. - Under The: D. Below that D/NP connection... wait. - Let's look at the bottom part of the image first. It looks like a separate diagram or a continuation. - Bottom: S -> VP. And S -> iACK!. This looks like a specific notation, possibly from a paper on The horse that raced past the barn fell involving garden path sentences or specific syntactic theories (like Minimalism or Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar). The iACK! suggests an acknowledgement of a parsing error or a specific linguistic phenomenon. Let's restart the structural analysis, reading left to right, top to bottom. 1. Top Node: S 2. Branches from Top S: - Left: NP - Right: VP (which goes all the way down to fell) 3. The Left Branch (NP): - The node labeled NP (top left) branches into: - D (The) - N (horse) - Wait, there is a line going from this NP to the right? No. - Let's look at the node below horse. It connects to an S' node? - Actually, let's look at the labels under the words again. They seem to be part of the tree structure itself. - Under The: D. Below that is a line connecting to NP? No, the line goes from D down to... nothing? Wait, there is a box/line structure below The horse. - Let's look at the bottom left cluster. - There is an NP node. It connects to D and N. This forms The horse. - Then there is a line going from this NP up to... the top NP? Yes. - So, Top NP -> (Left) D/N (The horse) AND (Right) S'? - Let's trace the lines from the Top NP. - Line down-left to D (The). - Line down-right to N (horse). - Wait, that doesn't account for that.... - Let's look at the node labeled S' (S-bar). It is located above that and e. - The Top NP connects to this S'? No. - Let's look at the junction above that. There is a line coming from the left (from the top NP?) and going right? - Actually, it looks like: Top S -> Left NP. This NP branches into D (The) and N (horse). AND it branches to an S' node? No, that's not standard. - Let's look at the labels under the words as nodes in the tree. - Under The: D. - Under horse: N. - Under that: C. - Under e: NP (with a subscript 'i' maybe? looks like just e). - Under was: Aux. - Under raced: Vcol. - Under past: P. - Under the: D. - Under barn: N. - Under fell: V. Let's try to parse the tree from the bottom up, as that often clarifies these diagrams. - Bottom Center: Text iACK! (italicized i, exclamation mark). Above it is a node S. - This S connects to: - Left: A long line going up to... an NP? No, let's trace the lines. - The line from iACK! goes up to a junction labeled S. - From this S, one branch goes right-up to VP. - One branch goes left-up to... wait, there is another S node above it? No. - Let's look at the very bottom structure again. - There is a node labeled S (bottom center). It connects to iACK!. - Above that S, there are lines connecting to an NP (left) and VP (right)? - Actually, looking at the lines: - From The horse area, a line goes down-right. - From raced area, a line goes down-left. - They meet at a node labeled S? No, that's not right. Let's look at the labels under the words as the terminal nodes of the tree. - The text is: The horse that e was raced past the barn fell - Underneath each word/phrase are grammatical categories (D, N, C, NP, Aux, Vcol, P, D, N, V). Let's trace the connections (the lines). 1. Top Level: Node S. - Branches Left to NP. - Branches Right to VP. 2. Left Side (The NP): - The top NP node branches into: - D (The) - N (horse) - Wait, looking closely at the junction above that. There is a line connecting the Top NP to an S' node? No. - Let's look at the node labeled NP (second from left, under S'). - Actually, let's look at the structure: - Top NP connects to D (The) and N (horse). - BUT, there is a line going from the Top NP down-right to an S' node? No. - Let's look at the node labeled S' (above that and e). - The Top NP connects to this S'? No, that would make The horse modify the S'. - Standard structure for The horse that...: NP -> D N [CP/S']. - So Top NP -> D (The), N (horse), and... an S' node? Or a CP? The label is S'. - Let's assume the line from Top NP goes to S'. - S' branches into: - C (that) - S (Sentence) 3. The Embedded Sentence (S): - This S node is below S'. - It branches into: - NP (which has e under it). Wait, the label above e is NP. - VP. 4. The VP inside the embedded sentence: - The VP node (below S) branches into: - Vcol (raced) -- wait, looking at the lines. - Actually, let's look at the junction above was. - There is a line from S going to NP (with e under it). - And a line from S going to VP? No. - Let's look at the labels: C (that), NP (e), Aux (was). These seem to be children of S? Or S'? - Standard: S' -> C S. - So S (the one below S') contains e was raced.... - This S branches into: - NP (with e under it). Note: e usually stands for an empty category or trace. - VP. 5. The VP containing was raced past the barn: - The VP node (below S) branches into: - Aux (was) -- Wait, Aux is usually part of VP or separate. Here it looks like a child of S? Or VP? - Let's look at the lines from the S node (the one below S'). - Line to NP (above e). - Line to Aux (was)? No, Aux is under was. - Line to Vcol (raced)? - This is getting confusing. Let's look at the labels under the words as the nodes themselves. Let's try a different approach: Reading the tree from the bottom up. - Bottom Left Cluster: - Node NP. Connects to D (The) and N (horse). - Wait, there is a line going from this NP up to the Top NP. Yes. - So, Top NP -> (Left) [NP -> D N] AND (Right) ...? - Actually, looking at the lines: - Top NP connects to D (The) and N (horse). - AND Top NP connects to an S' node? No. - Let's look at the line connecting horse and that. - There is a line from the Top NP going down-right to an NP node? No, that's an S' node. - Okay, let's assume: Top NP -> D (The), N (horse), S' (which starts with that). - The S' Node: - Located above that and e. - Connects to C (that) and S. - The Embedded S Node: - Located below S'. - Connects to: - NP (above e). Note: The label is NP. Underneath is e. This implies a trace or empty category. - VP? Or Aux? - Let's look at the lines from this S node. - Line to NP (e). - Line to VP? No, let's look at the line going right. - It goes to a VP node? No, it goes to Vcol (raced)? - Wait, there is an Aux (was) and Vcol (raced). - Usually: S -> NP Aux VP. Or S -> NP VP (with Aux inside). - Here, the line from S seems to go to NP (e), Aux (was), and VP? No, that's too many branches. - Let's look at the junction above was and raced. - There is a node labeled S (the one below S'). - It branches to: - NP (above e). - VP? No, let's look at the line going right. - It goes to a node that splits into Aux (was) and Vcol (raced)? No. - Let's look at the labels: C, NP, Aux, Vcol. They are all under the S' / S area. - Maybe the structure is: S -> NP (e) VP. And the VP contains was raced.... - The VP containing raced past the barn: - Let's look at the node labeled VP (middle right). - It branches to: - Vcol (raced). Wait, Vcol is usually a verb. - PP (Prepositional Phrase) -> past the barn. - So VP -> V + PP. - But where does was fit in? - Maybe the structure is: S -> NP (e) Aux (was) VP (raced...). - Let's check the lines from the embedded S. - Line to NP (e). - Line to Aux (was). - Line to VP? No, let's look at the line going right from S. - It goes to a node that connects to Vcol (raced) and PP. - Wait, looking closely at the junction This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> Source: <http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=167> --- ### These occur in human language <img class="r-stretch" src="img/gardenpath_dog.jpg" alt="gardenpathdog.jpg This is a screenshot of a mobile news article from The Guardian website. At the very top, there is a dark blue header bar. On the left is a yellow oval button with black text that reads Subscribe followed by an arrow pointing right. On the right is the newspaper's logo in white serif font: The Guardian stacked above smaller text reading For 200 years. Below the main header is a navigation menu on a dark blue background with white text listing sections: News, Opinion, Sport, Culture, and Lifestyle. To the far right of this menu is a yellow circle containing three horizontal black lines, representing a menu icon. The central part of the image is a photograph of a woman. She has shoulder-length blonde hair and is wearing a bright red blazer over a dark top. She is wearing large, dangling red tassel earrings. Her hands are raised in front of her with palms facing somewhat inward, as if she is speaking or gesturing during a presentation. The background behind her is a bright, out-of-focus blue screen. In the bottom right corner of the photo is a small grey circle with a white letter i inside it. Below the photograph is the article text on a white background. The category label Spain appears in red bold text. The main headline follows in large black serif font: Fake degree claims dog prominent Spanish politicians. Underneath that, a sub-headline reads: Two Popular party leaders said to have gained Madrid university master's without doing work. Below the article text, the author and location are listed in red bold text: Stephen Burgen Barcelona. At the very bottom, in grey text, is the date and time stamp: Tue 10 Apr 2018 08.19 EDT. The woman in the photograph is María Dolores de Cospedal, a Spanish politician who was the Secretary-General of the Popular Party at the time this article was published. This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ## Let's look at some other sentences --- <section class="clicker"></section> ### A is 'Perfectly Grammatical', E is 'Completely Ungrammatical' --- <section class="clicker"></section> ## More three dogs bit than eight humans. --- <section class="clicker"></section> ## More cats are on my bed than I can cuddle them. --- <section class="clicker"></section> ## More sales are expected this year relative to last year. --- <section class="clicker"></section> ## More tourists have been to England than to Kazakhstan. --- <section class="clicker"></section> ## More people have been to Russia than I have. --- <section class="clicker"></section> ## More politicians self-finance their campaigns in the USA than elsewhere. --- <section class="clicker"></section> ## More undergrads text their friends during the week than I text my friends. --- ### Wait a second... - More people have been to Russia than I have. - More undergrads text their friends during the week than I text my friends. - **What do these actually mean?!?** --- ### These are called 'Comparative Illusions' - ... and they show that we can have instincts which make something 'seem' grammatical and sensical which actually isn't! - The factors which make these feel more or less acceptable are a subject of syntactic research - They can even happen in natural speech - 'I think there are more candidates on stage who speak Spanish more fluently than our president speaks English.' - [Dan Rather](https://twitter.com/danrather/status/1144076809182408704?lang=en) --- ### How about some center embedding gore? --- > An apparently new speech disorder a linguistics department our correspondent visited was affected by has appeared. - An apparently new speech disorder - a linguistics department - our correspondent - visited - was affected by - has appeared. --- > The cause experts the LSA sent investigate remains elusive. - The cause - experts - the LSA - sent - investigate - remains elusive. --- > Physicians neurologists psychologists other linguists called for help called for help called for help didn’t help either. - Physicians - neurologists - psychologists - other linguists - called for help - called for help - called for help - didn’t help either. --- > The patient the nurse the doctor consulted was sick. - The patient - the nurse - the doctor - consulted - was sick. - <danger>wtf?!?!</danger> --- ### Thanks to Emily Davis for some of these syntactic troubles - Also here's the center embedding [source](https://specgram.com/CLI.2/03.bakery.disorder.html) --- ### Modifier Scope issues - “Crispy Ahi Tuna Tacos” - Crispy tuna, or Crispy Tacos --- ## There are other approaches to Syntax too! --- ### V', S', IP, and more! - There are many theories and approaches, each with pros and cons - This is the case in anything in Linguistics, but especially here! --- ## Other Languages exist! --- ### Different languages do sentences differently - Not all languages put the Subject (do-er) before the verb, which is followed by the object (which is being affected) ('SVO') - Lakota is SOV, with postpositions - ASL is OSV - Spanish adjectives are after the noun - Russian can move the arguments around to help make your point --- <img class="r-stretch" src="img/realtimevoicetovoice.jpg" alt="realtimevoicetovoice.jpg This image is a screenshot of a Twitter thread displayed on a dark background interface. At the top, there is a tweet from a user named 兎 (the kanji for rabbit) with the handle @fluopoika. The display name also includes the characters 火星 (Mars). To the right is a white Follow button. The tweet text reads: we're waiting for the end of the sentence. Below that text is an attached image which serves as an educational diagram comparing Japanese and English sentence structures. The top portion of this diagram shows a long string of Japanese characters labeled Japanese: 私はホテルの向かいにあるお店で見たスーツを着てみたいです。 (Watashi wa hoteru no mukai ni aru otte de mita suutsu o kite mitetai desu). Below that is the English translation labeled English: I want to try on a suit I saw in a shop that's across the street from the hotel. Connecting these two lines of text are numerous colored lines (red, purple, green, blue, and brown) that link corresponding words. The lines cross over each other extensively in the middle of the white box, visually demonstrating how Japanese grammar places modifiers at the end of phrases, unlike English. A small note on the left side of this diagram reads: Note: It's really hard to map the Japanese particles because sometimes they don't really translate to english so I had to just mostly lump them in with their nouns. Below the image is a reply from a verified user named David (@DavidSHolz), whose profile picture shows a man with dark hair and a beard. His tweet reads: can someone make a realtime voice-to-voice language translation ai yet? pls? what are we waiting for? This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### Phrase structure rules are language specific, too! - We'll play with other languages' phrase structure rules in this class! --- ### We're just trying to get you understanding the basics - What syntax is - How sentences are composed hierarchically - ... and one way to analyze the grammar of a small set of sentences --- ### For everything else, LIGN 121 <img class="r-stretch" src="img/plug.jpg" alt="plug.jpg The user wants a detailed description of an image showing an electrical plug. I need to describe: - The object itself (a black electrical plug). - Its components (prongs, cord, housing). - The background (white surface). - Any text or markings (there are faint markings on the side). - The orientation and lighting. Visual Analysis: - Object: It's a standard North American NEMA 5-15 plug (ungrounded, two-prong) but wait, looking closer at the prongs... - Top prong: Round, metal, looks like a grounding pin? No, let's look closer. - Actually, it looks like a specific type of plug. Let's re-evaluate the prongs. - There is a top prong that is round and cylindrical. It looks like a grounding pin or perhaps a specific connector for a different region (like Type F Schuko but usually those have side clips). Wait, let's look at the bottom two. - Bottom two: Flat, rectangular metal blades with holes in them. These are standard US/Canada flat prongs. - Top one: It is round and cylindrical. This looks like a grounding pin found on Type F (Schuko) plugs or perhaps a specific industrial plug? No, looking at the arrangement... - Let's look really closely at the image again. - The top prong is round and silver. - The bottom two prongs are flat and silver with holes. - This combination (two flat blades + one round pin) is characteristic of a Type F plug (Schuko), commonly used in Europe, but usually, the grounding clips are on the sides. Wait, Type F has side contacts for grounding. - Let's look at another possibility: Is it a NEMA 5-15P with a ground? That would be three flat prongs (L-shape). This is not that. - Is it a specific appliance plug? - Let's re-examine the top prong. It looks like a round pin. - Let's re-examine the bottom two. They are flat blades with holes. - This combination is actually quite rare for standard household plugs in the US. - Wait, let me look at the image again very carefully. - Ah, I see. The top prong is actually round and looks like a grounding pin. But it's positioned above two flat blades. - Actually, looking at the geometry... The top prong is round. The bottom two are flat. This looks like a specific type of plug used for certain appliances or regions. - Let's look at the markings on the side. There is text embossed on the black plastic. It's hard to read clearly but looks like 15A and maybe voltage ratings. - Wait, let me reconsider the prongs. Maybe it's a NEMA 5-15P (grounded) viewed from an angle? No, the top one is definitely round/cylindrical. The bottom two are flat blades with holes. - Let's look at the holes. They are circular indentations in the flat blades. This is typical for US plugs to allow for a screwdriver slot or just manufacturing. - Is it possible this is a Type C (Europlug) but with grounding? No, Europlugs have two round pins. - Let's look at the top prong again. It looks like a solid metal cylinder. - Let's look at the bottom prongs. They are flat blades. - This specific configuration (one round pin on top, two flat blades below) is actually characteristic of a Type F plug (Schuko) if the grounding clips were visible, but here we see pins. Wait, Type F has two round pins and side clips. - Let's look at Type E. Two round pins, one hole for the male grounding pin. - Let's look at Type I (Australia). Flat angled blades + ground. - Let's look at Type G (UK). Three rectangular prongs in a triangle. - Let's look at Type J (Switzerland). Three round pins. - Let's look at Type K (Denmark). Three round pins. - Let's reconsider the image. Maybe I am misinterpreting the top prong. - The top prong is silver and cylindrical. It looks like a grounding pin. - The bottom two are flat blades with holes. - This looks like a NEMA 5-15P (grounded US plug) but viewed from a weird angle? No, the ground pin in NEMA 5-15 is U-shaped and flat. This top prong is round. - Is it possible this is a Type F plug where the side grounding clips are not visible or obscured, and we are seeing the two round pins? No, the bottom ones are clearly flat blades with holes. - Let's look at the image again. Maybe it's a specific appliance connector. - Wait, could it be a Type C (Europlug) but modified? No. - Let's look at the text on the side. It looks like 15A. This suggests 15 Amps. - The holes in the flat blades are distinct. They look like slots for a screwdriver to tighten the terminal screws inside, or just manufacturing features. - Correction: Let's look really closely at the top prong. Is it actually round? Yes, it looks cylindrical. - Let's look at the bottom two. They are flat blades. - This combination is extremely specific. It looks like a plug used for Type F (Schuko) but with flat blades? No. - Actually, looking at the top prong again... is it possible that it's just a reflection on a flat blade? No, it has depth and curvature. - Let's look at the bottom two prongs again. They have holes in them. This is very characteristic of US plugs (NEMA 1-15 or 5-15). - If the bottom two are US-style blades, what is the top one? - Is it a grounding pin that is round? Some older or specific industrial plugs have round grounding pins. - Or... is this actually a Type F plug (Schuko) but the lighting makes the round pins look like flat blades with holes? No, the bottom ones are definitely flat and rectangular. - Let's try a different angle. What if it's a NEMA 5-15P (grounded US plug) where the ground pin is bent or broken? No, that's unlikely for a stock photo. - What if it's a Type I plug (Australia)? The ground pin is flat and angled. The live/neutral are flat and angled. This doesn't match. - Let's look at the image source or common images of plugs. - Wait, could this be a Type F plug where the two round pins are visible? No, the bottom ones are flat. - Could it be a Type E? Two round pins. One hole for ground. - Let's look at the top prong again. It looks like a grounding pin that is cylindrical. - The bottom two are flat blades with holes. - This looks like a specific type of plug used in South Africa (Type M)? No, Type M has three large round pins. - Israel? Type H. One round, two flat angled? No. - Let's look at the text on the side again. It says 15A. And maybe 250V or similar. - The holes in the blades are key. They are circular holes near the base of the blade. This is standard for US plugs to allow a screwdriver to access the terminal screws inside the plug body. - Hypothesis: This is a NEMA 5-15P (grounded US plug) but the top prong is actually the ground pin, which is usually U-shaped and flat. In this image, it looks round/cylindrical. Why? - Maybe it's not a standard NEMA plug. - Let's look at Type F again. Two round pins. Side grounding clips. - Let's look at Type C. Two round pins. - Let's look at Type A/B. Flat blades. - Wait, let me look at the top prong very closely. Is it possible that it is a flat blade seen from the side? No, it has a rounded tip and looks cylindrical. - Is it possible that the bottom two are actually round pins seen from an angle where they look flat? No, they have distinct rectangular shapes with holes. - Let's reconsider the whole object. Maybe it's not a standard wall plug. Maybe it's a connector for a specific appliance (like a lamp or computer). - The black plastic housing is hexagonal/octagonal on the side. - There is a strain relief where the cord enters. - There is a small hole in the strain relief area (top left of the plug body). This is often a vent or a manufacturing feature. - Let's look at the prongs again. - Top: Round, silver, cylindrical. - Bottom Left: Flat blade with a hole. - Bottom Right: Flat blade with a hole. - This configuration (1 round pin + 2 flat blades) is actually found in Type F plugs? No. - Is it possible this is a Type E plug? Two round pins, one hole for ground. No. - Let's look at Type J (Switzerland). Three round pins. - Let's look at Type K (Denmark). Three round pins. - Okay, let's look at the image again. Maybe I am misidentifying the top prong. - What if the top prong is actually a flat blade seen from an angle where it looks rounded? And the bottom two are... wait. - Let's assume standard US plug (NEMA 5-15). Ground pin is U-shaped. Live/Neutral are parallel flat blades. - In this image, we see three prongs. - Top one: Round/Cylindrical. - Bottom two: Flat with holes. - This looks like a Type F (Schuko) plug but with flat blades? No. - Let's try searching my internal database for plug 1 round pin 2 flat blades. - Ah, could it be a Type I plug (Australia/New Zealand)? The ground pin is flat and angled upwards. The live/neutral are flat and angled downwards/inwards. In this image, the top prong looks round, but maybe it's just the lighting on a flat blade? And the bottom two are the main blades? - If it were Type I: The ground pin is usually longer and at an angle (V shape). Here, the top prong is parallel to the others. - Let's look at Type G (UK). Three rectangular pins in a triangle. Ground is vertical. Live/Neutral are horizontal. - In this image, the bottom two are parallel. The top one is above them. This matches the triangular arrangement of Type G. - But Type G pins are rectangular and flat. They don't have holes like that usually (though some might). And they aren't round at the tip. - Let's look at Type H (Israel). One round pin, two flat angled pins. - In this image: Top is round. Bottom two are flat. This matches Type H! - Let's check Type H details. - Live/Neutral: Flat blades, angled slightly apart. - Ground: Round pin in the center (or top/bottom depending on orientation). - In the image: The bottom two prongs look parallel, not angled. But maybe they are slightly angled? - And the holes... Type H plugs often have holes in the flat blades for a screwdriver to tighten terminals. Yes! - So this is likely an Israeli Type H plug. - Let's verify. Type H has two flat blades and one round grounding pin. The round pin is usually in the middle or top/bottom. In the image, the round pin is at the top (relative to the viewer). The two flat blades are below it. - Wait, looking closely at the bottom prongs... they look parallel. Type H blades are angled. - Let's look at Type F again. Two round pins. Side clips. - Let's look at Type C. Two round pins. - Let's reconsider the Round top prong. Is it possible that it is actually a flat blade seen from the side, and the reflection makes it look round? - If I assume it's a standard US plug (NEMA 5-15), the ground pin is U-shaped. The live/neutral are parallel. - In the image: Top prong looks like a cylinder. Bottom two look like flat blades with holes. - This is confusing. Let me look at the text on the side again. 15A. This strongly suggests US standard (15 Amps). European plugs are usually 16A or 250V/10A etc. - If it's a US plug, why does the top prong look round? - Maybe it's not a ground pin. Maybe it's a specific connector for a lamp or appliance that uses a different standard. - Or maybe... is it a NEMA 5-15P where the ground pin is bent? No. - Let's look at the image really closely again. - The top prong: It has a rounded tip. It looks like a solid metal rod. - The bottom two prongs: They are flat, rectangular strips of metal. They have circular holes near the base. - This combination (1 round pin + 2 flat blades) is actually characteristic of Type F plugs? No. - Is it possible this is a Type E plug? Two round pins, one hole for ground. No. - Let's try to identify the specific object based on visual features. - Black plastic housing. Hexagonal shape on the side (visible facets). - Strain relief with a small hole. - Three prongs. Top is round/cylindrical. Bottom two are flat with holes. - Text: 15A is visible. Also looks like 250V or similar. And maybe a certification mark (UL, CE?). - Wait! Could it be a Type F plug where the side grounding clips are not visible, and we are seeing the two round pins? - If the bottom two prongs are actually round pins seen from an angle... no, they have holes. Round pins don't usually have holes like that unless it's for mounting. - The holes in the flat blades are a dead giveaway for US-style plugs (NEMA 1-15 or 5-15) where you use a screwdriver to tighten the terminal screws inside the plug body. - So, we have a plug with two flat blades with holes (US style) and one round pin on top. - This is not a standard NEMA 5-15P (which has a U-shaped ground). - Is it a NEMA L series? No, those are twist-lock. - Is it a specific appliance plug? Like for a computer or lamp? - Some older or specific industrial plugs have this configuration. - Let's look at the text again. 15A. This is very US-centric. - Maybe the top prong is the ground pin, but it's a round grounding pin? - There are some specialized plugs with round grounds. - Or... is it possible that the top prong is actually just a reflection on a flat blade? - Let's look at the lighting. The light source is coming from the top right. - The top prong has a highlight running along its length. This suggests it is cylindrical. - The bottom two prongs have highlights on their edges, suggesting they are flat blades. - Okay, let's assume it is a Type H (Israel) plug again. - Type H: Two flat angled blades, one round grounding pin. - In the image: Top is round. Bottom two are flat. - The bottom two look parallel in this view, but maybe they are angled away? - The holes in the blades match Type H plugs (which often have slots/holes for screwdrivers). - But Type H usually has 16A rating. This says 15A. - However, 15A and 16A are close. Maybe it's a generic plug labeled 15A. - Let's look at Type J (Switzerland). Three round pins. No. - Let's look at Type K (Denmark). Three This description was generated automatically. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> --- ### You will abandon these syntax rules once you leave 101 - These rules are meant to get you started, and aren't sufficient for most sentences in English - You'll develop a better system, which handles more nuance - Some core aspects of your trees will need to change once you have more than a week for Syntax - *Clinging to these starting rules once you leave LIGN 101 will frustrate you and your 121 professor!* --- ## Here's an example of something we can't handle --- ### Our rules can act weirdly Rule 8: VP -> V Rule 9: VP -> V NP --- ### To arrive * VP -> V: Will arrived * VP -> V NP: *Will arrived Jessica --- ### To dream * VP -> V: Will dreamed * VP -> V NP: *Will dreamed Jessica --- ### To run * VP -> V: Will ran * VP -> V NP: *Will ran Jessica --- ### These are called 'Intransitive verbs' Verbs that only take a single argument, the 'subject' --- ### To hug * VP -> V: Will hugged * VP -> V NP: Will hugged Jessica --- ### To move * VP -> V: Will moved * VP -> V NP: Will moved Jessica --- ### To see * VP -> V: Will saw * VP -> V NP: Will saw Jessica --- ### These are called 'Transitive verbs' Verbs that can take two arguments, a subject and an object --- ### To bake * VP -> V: Will baked * VP -> V NP: Will baked a cake * VP -> V NP NP: Will baked Jessica a cake * VP -> V NP NP: ?Will baked a cake Jessica --- ### To find * VP -> V: Will found. * VP -> V NP: Will found a cake * VP -> V NP NP: Will found Jessica a cake * VP -> V NP NP: ?Will found a cake Jessica * VP -> V NP NP: Will found a cake some candles --- ### Ditransitive Constructions Verbs that take a Subject and two objects --- ### To see * VP -> V: ?Will saw * VP -> V NP: Will saw a cake * VP -> V NP NP: ?Will saw Jessica a cake * VP -> V NP NP: *Will saw a cake Jessica --- ## Whoa!! - That was a phrase structure rule with three branches! - That happens sometimes, although there are usually other ways! --- ### To make * VP -> V: Will made * VP -> V NP: Will made a judge * VP -> V NP NP: Will made Jessica a judge * VP -> V NP NP: Will made a judge Jessica --- ### To make, continued * VP -> V NP: Will made a judge (with his modelling clay) * VP -> V NP NP: Will made Jessica a robot * VP -> V NP NP: Will made a robot, Jessica --- ### Are you vibing me? - "I'm vibing." - "I'm vibing you." - "I'm vibing with this new album" - "I'm vibing this new album" - "I'm vibing her a new album" --- ### Wait a second... - Our phrase structure rules don't universally apply - A valid phrase structure rule for one verb might not work for another - ... and it seems to be *lexically specific* - It depends on the particular word - ## Is there no hope?! --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/surprised_owls.jpg" alt="surprisedowls.jpg The image shows a group of baby owls inside what appears to be a white bucket filled with soil or dirt. The owlets are small and have fluffy feathers that are primarily light brown with darker streaks on their backs, which is typical for young owls. Each owl has large, round eyes that are bright yellow with black pupils, giving them an expressive look. The owlets' feet are visible, and each foot is adorned with a brightly colored band or tag in various colors such as orange, green, blue, pink, and purple. These bands likely serve to identify the individual owls for tracking purposes if they were part of a wildlife rehabilitation program. The owlets seem curious and alert, looking around their environment. Some are perched close together while others have spread out slightly within the bucket. The overall scene suggests that these owlets might be in care or being prepared for release into the wild after recovery from illness or injury. This description was generated automatically from image files by a local LLM, and thus, may not be fully accurate. Please feel free to ask questions if you have further questions about the nature of the image or its meaning within the presentation."> <p>(This audiovisual content has been removed for compliance with recent federal accessibility guidelines. <a href="https://accessibility.ucsd.edu/policies-standards/ucsd-accessibility-guidelines.html">Please see this site for details.</a>)</p> --- ### (Nah, it's cool, we've got semantics) - See you next time! --- <huge>Thank you!</huge>